A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X
Y Z
A |
|
Accidental Discovery |
New
designs, ideas, and developments different from that originally hoped for
from research. |
Accountability Matrix
|
See
responsibility assignment matrix. |
ACIS
|
A solid
modeling engine or kernal used in a number of CAD systems. Having a common
solids modeling engine allows more ready interchange of data between
different CAD systems. |
ACIS SAT
|
A file
format for 3D solid geometry created by systems using the ACIS solids
modeling engine. |
Activity
|
An element of work perfomed during the course of a project. An activity normally has an expected duration, an expected cost, and expected resource requirements. Ctivities can be subdivided into tasks. |
Activity Based Costing (ABC) / Custeio Baseado em
Atividades (ABC)
|
A costing and analysis method that associates resources and their costs to activities and then associates the costs of activities to cost objects (e.g., a product) based on a cost drivers which measure use of an activity by the cost object. / Um motor ou um kernal modelando contínuo usado em um número de Sistemas de CAD. Tendo os sólidos comuns que modelam o motor Permitem um intercâmbio mais pronto dos dados entre sistemas de CAD diferentes. |
Activity Definition
|
Identifying
the specific activities that must be performed to produce the various project
deliverables. |
Activity Description (AD)
|
A short
phrse or label used in a project network diagram. The activity description
normally describes the scope of work of the activity. |
Activity Duration Estimating
|
Estimating
the number of work periods that will be needed to complete individual
activities |
Activity Sequencing
|
Identifying
and documenting interactivity logical relationships. (início do glossário) |
Activity-on-Arrow (AOA)
|
See
arrow diagramming method. |
Activity-on-Node (AON)
|
See precedence diagramming method. |
Actual Cost (AC)
|
Total
costs incurred that must relate to whatever cost was budgeted within the
planned value and earned value (which can sometimes be direct labor hours aloone, direct costs alone
including indirect costs) in accomplishing work during a given time
period. See also earned value. |
Actual Cost of Work
Performed (ACWP)
|
This
term has been replaced with the term actual cost. |
Actual Finish Date (AF)
|
The
point in time that work actually ended on an activity. (Note: in some
application areas, the activity is considered "finished" when work
is "substantially complete".). |
Actual Start Date
(AS)
|
The
point in time that work actually started on an activity. |
Adminstrative Closure
|
Generating,
gatherin, and disseminating information to formatize phase or project
completion. |
Advance Quality
Planning (AQP)
|
An
assessment at the start of product development to identify problems with
other similar products so that preventative steps or counter-measures can be
taken with the new product. |
Affinity Diagram
|
Affinity
diagrams or charts are a simple way for a group to cluster qualitative data
and come up with a consensus view on a subject. It is often used with QFD to
sort and organize the large amount of customer needs data. In this instance,
statements of customer needs are written on cards or post-its. The
cards or post-its are logically organized by the group and the
group develops headings under which to cluster these needs. The cards or
post-its are moved to the appropriate group headings. |
Affordability
|
The
characteristic of a product with a selling price that that is no more than
its functional worth to a customer and is within the customer's ability to
pay. |
Algorithm of Inventive
Problem Solving (ARIZ)
|
Russian
acronym for Algorithm of Inventive Problem Solving (see TIPS). |
Alpha Test
|
In-house
testing of pre-production products to find and eliminate the most obvious
design defects or deficiencies, either in a laboratory setting or in some
part of the developing firm's regular operations. See
also beta test. |
Ambiente Virtual
|
Ambiente sintético desenvolvido em computador para simular tanto um ambiente
imaginário quanto um ambiente real. |
Análise SWOT
|
uma metodologia para análise de cenários em
planejamento estratégico que considera as forças, fraquezas, ameaças e
oportunidades da empresa. |
Analog Hardware Description Language (AHDL)
|
Analog
Hardware Description Language (IEEE standard 1076.1) - describes the physical
design, electronic behavior, logical structure and system annotation
information for analog circuits. |
Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP)
|
A
decision making tool for complex, multi-criteria problems where both
qualitative and quantitative aspects of a problem need to be incorporated.
AHP clusters the decision elements according to their common characteristics
into a hierarchical structure similar to a family tree. It involves building
a hierarchy (Ranking) of decision elements and then making comparisons
between each possible pair in each cluster (as a matrix). This gives a
weighting for each element within a cluster (or level of the hierarchy) and
also a consistency ratio (useful for checking the consistency of the data).
By reducing complex decisions to a series of simple comparisons and rankings,
then synthesizing the results, AHP helps arrive at the best decision and also
provides a clear rationale for the choice made. The Analytical Hierarchy
Process Model was designed by TL Saaty as a decision making aid. |
Anticipatory Failure Determination (AFD)
|
Is a
failure analysis method. Like FMEA, it has the objective of identifying and
mitigating failures. Rather than asking developers to look for a cause of a
failure mode, it reverses the problem by asking developers to view the
failure of interest as the intended consequence and try to devise ways to
assure that the failure always happens reliably. This viewpoint then
facilitates better identifying steps to avoid the failure. |
Application Activity Model (AAM)
|
Application
Activity Model (STEP) - A formal functional description of the processes in a
defined application context. The AAM includes definition of those data items
which act as inputs, controls, outputs, and mechanisms on those processes.
The purpose of these representations are 1.) to obtain an understanding and
agreement of the application process, and 2.) for data discovery. |
Application Area
|
A
category of projects that have common elements not present in all projects.
Application areas are usually defined in terms of either the product of the
project (i.e., by similar technologies or industri sectors) or the type of
customer (e.g., internal versus external, government versus commercial)
Application areas often overlap. |
Application Protocol
Interface - Application Programming Interface (API)
|
1.
Application Protocol Interface
2. Application Programming Interface - the standard set of functions
provided by a program or operating system to allow for integration of other
software. Two programs linked via an API can both be altered and still work
together so long as both conform to the API. |
Application Protocols
(AP)
|
These
specify implementable STEP data constructs for communicating informa-tion in
a defined application context. It defines the context for the use of product
data and specifies the use of the base standard in that context to satisfy an
industrial need. AP's are Parts in the 200 series of the STEP standard. |
Application Reference Model (ARM)
|
Application
Reference Model (STEP) - An information model that formally describes the
information requirements and constraints for an application area. The
information model uses application-specific terminology and rules familiar to
an expert from the application area. The model is independent of any physical
implementation and must be validated by experts from the application area. |
Application Specific
Integrated Circuit (ASIC)
|
Application
Specific Integrated Circuit - a semi-custom chip used in a specific
application that is design by integrating standard cells from a library. |
Application Specific Standard
Part (ASSP)
|
Application
Specific Standard Part - a chip that is originally designed as an ASIC and is
later released for general use. |
Apportionment
|
The
assignment of goals such as reliability from system to subsystem in such a
way that the whole system will meet the required goal. |
Architecture / Arquitetura
|
See "product architecture." / Ver "Arquitetura de
Produto". |
Arrow
|
The
graphic presentation of an activity. See also arrow diagramming method. |
Arrow Diagramming Method
(ADM)
|
A
network diagramming technique in which activities are represented by arrows.
The tail of the arrow represents the start, and the head represents the
finish of the activity (the length of the arrow does not represent the
expected duration of the activity). Activities are connected at points called
nodes (usually drawn as smal circles) to illustrate the sequence in which the
activities are expected to be performed. See also precedence
dagramming method. |
Artificial Intelligence (AI) / Inteligência Artificial (IA)
|
É o estudo de aparelhos e sistemas computacionais
feitos pelo homem que podem agir de uma maneira que nos levaria a qualificar
como inteligente. Esta definição incorpora o aprendizado e a adaptabilidade
como características gerais da inteligência. |
As-Is Map
|
A
version of a process map depicting how an existing process actually operates.
This may differ substantially from documented guidelines. |
As-of Date
|
See data date. |
Associativity
|
A link
between two different functions in a CAD system that assures that a change
made in one area is reflected in all other areas. For example, a change to a
solid model will be reflected in its drawing and related CAM program.
Bi-directional associativity indicates that updates happen in both directions
between functions. For example, a change to a drawing will be reflected in
its solids model. |
Assumptions
|
Assumptions
are factor that, for planning purposes, are considered to be true, real or
certain. Assumptions affect all aspects of project planning, and are part of
the progressive elaboration of the project. Project teams frequently
identify, document, and validate assumptions as part of their planning
process. Assumptions generally involve a degree of risk. |
Assumptions Analysis
|
A
technique that explores the assumptions accuracy and identifies risks to the
project from inaccuracy, inconsistency, or incompleteness of assumptions. |
Autentificação
|
Técnicas utilizadas em computação para a checagem de
propriedade de determinada informação. Em redes, evita que pacotes maliciosos
de fontes fictícias sejam manipuladas pelos receptores. |
Automatic Test Pattern
Generation (ATPG)
|
Automatic
Test Pattern Generation - a software tool that utilizes lists of faults and a
model of the circuit to analyze the logical and topical nature of the circuit
in order to create test vectors for each fault. |
Availability
|
The
characteristic of the product that defines the percentage of time that a
product is available and operational for customer use. |
Avaliação do Desempenho Financeiro
|
documentos ou conjunto de documentos que sumarizam o
desempenho da empresa em termos financeiros, tais como: lucro líquido, etc… |
Avaliação do Desempenho no Mercado
|
documentos ou conjunto de documentos que sumarizam o
resultado da empresa no mercado, tais como: fatia, valor total do mercado,
tendências, avaliações de preferências dos consumidores. |
Avaliação do Desempenho Operacional
|
documentos ou conjunto de documentos que sumarizam o
desempenho dos processos de negócio da empresa, vendas, tempo de atendimento,
número de clientes, tamanho da força de vendas, etc... |
Awareness
|
A
measure of the percent of target customers who are aware of the new product's
existence. Awareness is variously defined, including recall of brand,
recognition of brand, recall of key features or positioning |
B |
|
Backward Pass
|
The
calculation of late finish dates an late start dates for the uncompleted
portions of all network activities. Determined by working backwards through
the network logic from the projects end date. The end date may be calculated
in a forward pass or set by the customes or sponsor. See
also network analysis |
Balanced Score Card
|
A comprehensive performance measurement technique
that considers four areas of performance in a balanced way: 1) customer
perspective - how customers see us, 2) internal perspective - what we must
excel at, 3) innovation & learning - how we continue to improve and
create value, 4)financial perspective - how we meet shareholder needs / É um
sistema de controle estratégico que tem como objetivo esclarecer e traduzir a
visão da empresa, comunicar e alinhar os objetivos e fornecer feedback sobre
a implementação da estratégia, sendo constituído por um conjunto balanceado de
medidas de desempenho
financeiras e não-financeiras, ligadas por relações de causa-e-efeito e
organizadas em quatro perspectivas: financeira, cliente, processo interno de
negócio e aprendizagem /crescimento. |
Ball Grid Array
(BGA)
|
Ball
Grid Array - an electronic packaging technology in which solder balls are
mounted to the underside of the package in a grid arrangement and are flowed
for attachment to PCB's |
Bar Chart
|
A
graphic display of schedule-related information. In the tipycal bar chart,
activities or other project elements are listed down the left side of the
chart, dates are shown across the top, and activity durations are shown as
date-placed horizontal bars. Also called a Gantt chart. |
Baseline
|
The
original approved plan (for a project, a work package, or an activity), plus
or minus approved socope changes. Usually used with a modifier (e.g., cost
baseline, schedule baseline, performance measurement baseline) |
Baseline Finish Date
|
See sheduled finish date |
Baseline Start Date
|
See Scheduled start date |
Baton-Passing Process
|
See
Relay Race Process. / Ver Relay
Race Process |
Benchmarking / Benchmarking
|
A
process of studying successful competitors (or organizations in general) and
selecting the best of their actions or standards. In the new product program
it means finding the best development process methods and the best process
times to market and setting out to achieve them. / Benchmarking é o processo contínuo de medição de
produtos, serviços e práticas em relação aos mais fortes concorrentes, ou às
empresas reconhecidas como líderes em suas indústrias |
Benefit
|
A
product attribute expressed in terms of what the user gets from the product
rather than its physical characteristics or features. Benefits are often
paired with specific features, but they need not be. They
are perceived, not necessarily real. |
Beta Test
|
An
external test of pre-production products. The purpose is to test the product
for all functions in a breadth of field situations to find those system
faults that are more likely to show in actual use than in the firm's more
controlled in-house tests before sale to the general market. See
also alpha test. |
Bezier curve
|
Polynomial
used to describe complex curves and surfaces |
Bill of Material (BOM) / Estrutura de Produto
|
Bill of
Material - a list of sub-assemblies, components and/or raw materials that
make up a higher-level component, assembly, product or system. An engineering
BOM represents the assembly structure implied by the parts lists on drawings
and drawing tree structure. A manufacturing BOM represents
the assembly build-up the way a product is manufactured. / Lista de todas as
submontagens, componentes intermediários, matérias-primas e itens comprados
que são utilizados na fabricação e/ou montagem de um produto, mostrando as relações
de precedência e quantidade de cada item necessário, também pode conter outro |
Boothroyd Dewhurst, Inc (BDI)
|
Boothroyd
Dewhurst, Inc. - vendors of DFMA software |
Boundary Representation (B-Rep)
|
Boundary
Representation - solids modeling approach based on representing exterior
surfaces that define a solid (as opposed to constructive solid geometry). |
Boundary Scan
|
A design
for testability method that places a scan register at at every pin of every
chip on a board for board testing and diagnostics. The test process can
control and observe the state of every pin I/O pin without requiring physical
access to any of them |
Brainstorming
|
A group
method of problem-solving used in product concept generation, there are many
modifications in format of use, each variation with its own name. |
Brand
|
A name,
term, design, symbol, or any other feature that identifies one seller's good
or service as distinct from those of other sellers. The legal term for brand
is trademark. A brand may identify one item, a family of items, or all items
of that seller. |
Brand Development Index (BDI)
|
A
measure of the relative strength of a brand's sales in a geographic area.
Computationally BDI is the percent of total national brand sales which occur
in an area divided by the percent of US households which reside in that area.
|
Breadboard
|
A
proof-of-concept modeling technique that represents how a product will work,
but not how a product will look. |
Break Even After Release (BEAR)
|
Break
Even After Release - a metric that measures the time after release of a
product for production or sale until the the product has achieved financial
breakeven considering the investment in development and other non-recurring
expenses. |
Breakeven Time
(BET)
|
Breakeven
Time - a product development metric |
B-spline
|
A
mathematical interpolation method for describing complex curves and surfaces |
Budger Estimate
|
See estimate |
Budget at Completion (BAC)
|
The sum
of the total budgets for a project. |
Budgeted Cost of Work
Performed (BCWP)
|
This
term has been replaced with the term Earned Value |
Budgeted Cost of Work
Scheduled (BCWS)
|
This
term has been replaced with the term Planned value |
Buffer
|
See Reserve |
Built-in-Self-Test (BIST)
|
Built-in-Self-Test
- a feature of automatic testing where many test pattern programs are built
directly into the circuit generally for go/no-go testing of the assembly or
circuit using signature analysis |
Business Analysis
|
An
analysis of the business situation surrounding a proposed project. Usually
includes financial forecasts in terms of discounted cash flows, net present
values or internal rates of returns |
Business Case
|
The
results of the business analysis, or up-front homework. Ideally defined just
prior to the “go to development" decision (gate), the case defines the
product and project, including the project justification and the action or
business plan. |
Business Management Team
|
Top
functional managers and business unit head who work together throughout the
design of the decision-flow component of a stage-gate process. |
Business Modeling / Modelo de Negócios
|
Modelagem de Negócio é a área de estudos que
desenvolve técnicas métodos e ferramentas para o desenvolvimento de
representações de uma organização real, e servem como uma referência comum
para todos os seus membros, sejam eles pessoas, sistemas ou recurso |
Business Plan
|
o termo Business Plan ou simplesmente Plano de
Negócios foi propositalmente evitado no modelo de referência. Considera-se
que, na forma como apresentado na literatura, ele poderia ser empregado com
diferentes níveis de detalhes em mais de um momento do modelo de referência.
Os termos que correspondem a ele são Plano Estratégico Corporativo, Plano
Estratégico da Unidade de Negócios e Plano Estratégico de Negócios |
Business Process (BP) / Processo de Negócios
|
É um fenômeno que ocorre dentro das empresas.
Compreende um conjunto de atividades repetitivas realizadas na empresa,
associadas às informações que manipula, utilizando os recursos e a
organização da empresa. Forma uma unidade coesa e deve ser focalizado |
Business Process Modeling / Modelo de Processo de Negócio
|
É uma representação do processo de negócio, contendo
uma ou mais visões do processo. As visões mais usuais são as de atividades ou
funções, informações ou dados, organização, recursos e a de processo
propriamente dita, que procura colocar em uma mesma representação a interação
entre atividades e informações. Em alguns formalismos de representação essa
visão de processo contém ainda os eventos que ocorrem ao final da realização
de uma atividade, os recursos utilizados para a sua realização e os seus
responsáveis. |
Business to Business (B2B)
|
Non-consumer
purchasers such as manufacturers, resellers (distributors, wholesalers,
jobbers and retailers, for example) institutional, professional and governmental
organizations. Frequently referred to as "industrial"
businesses in the past. |
Buyer
|
The
purchaser of a product, whether or not they will be the ultimate user.
Especially in business-to-business markets, a purchasing agent may contract
for the actual purchase of a good or service, yet never benefit from the
function(s) purchased. |
Buyer Concentration
|
The
degree to which purchasing power is held by a relatively small percentage of
the total number of buyers in the market |
C |
|
CAD Framework Initiative (CFI)
|
CAD
Framework Initiative - a standard to facilitate integration of electronic
design automation (EDA) tools This allows an organization to select
"best of class" tools without worrying about integration issues.
The CFI standards cover Design Representation Programming Interface, the
Intertool Communication Programming Interface, the Tools Encapsulation
Specification, the Computing Environment Services. |
Calendar Unit
|
The
smallest unit of time used in scheduling the project. Calendar unit are
primarily in relation to project management software |
Cannibalization
|
When the
demand for a new product arises at least in part by eroding demand for (sales
of) a current product the firm markets |
Cannot Duplicate (failures) (CND)
|
Also
known as "No Trouble Found" (NTF) |
Capability Maturity Model
|
A model
of five levels of process maturity developed by the Software Engineering
Institute. These five levels starting at level one are: ad-hoc, repeatable,
defined, managed and optimized. |
Capability Maturity Model (CMM)
|
Capability
Maturity Model - a model of five levels of process maturity developed by the
Software Engineering Institute. These five levels starting at level one are:
ad-hoc, repeatable, defined, managed and optimized. |
Capacity Planning
|
A
forward-looking activity which monitors the skill sets and effective resource
capacity of the organization. |
Cascading Style Sheets (CSS)
|
Folhas de estilo que podem ser aplicadas em conjuntos
de páginas Web. |
Case Based Reasoning
(CBR) / Raciocínio Baseado em Casos (RBC)
|
é uma tecnologia derivada da pesquisa em IA que tem
seu conhecimento representado como casos previamente usados para resolver
problemas (Kolodner, 1993). Assim, os casos devem ser vistos como uma parte
da memória, que é armazenada e pode ser usada em futuras consultas. |
Category Development Index (CDI)
|
A
measure of the relative strength of a category's sales in a geographic area.
Computationally it is the percent of total national category sales which
occur in an area divided by the percent of US households which live in that
area. |
Cave Automatic Virtual Environment (CAVE)
|
O ambiente CAVE, é baseado em um cômodo, onde as
paredes, piso e teto são telas que recebem a projeção sincronizada das partes
de um mundo virtual |
Champion
|
A person
who takes an inordinate interest in seeing that a particular process or
product is fully developed and marketed. The role varies from situations
calling for little more than stimulating awareness of the opportunity to
extreme cases where the champion tries to force a project past the strongly
entrenched internal resistance of company policy or that of objecting
parties. |
Change Control Board -
Configuration Control Board
(CCB)
|
A
formaly constituted group of stakeholders responsible for approving or
rejecting changes to the project baselines |
Change Equilibrium
|
A
balance of organizational forces that either drives or impedes change |
Change Management
|
Gestão do processo de mudança empresarial que
normalmente ocorre de forma contínua e deve acontecer de forma sistemática e
estruturada. |
Chart of Accounts
|
Any
numbering system used to monitor project cost by category (e.g., labor,
supplies, materials, and equpment). The project chart of accounts is usually based upon the
corporate chart of accounts of primary performing organization. |
Charter
|
See Project Charter |
Checklist
|
A
memory-jogger list of items used to remind an analyst to think of all
relevant aspects. It finds frequent use as a tool of creativity in concept
generation, as a factor consideration list in concept screening, and to
ensure that all appropriate tasks have been completed in any stage of the
product development process |
Chip-on-Board
(COB)
|
a
component packaging technology in which bare integrated circuits are attached
directly to the substrate and interconnected by means of microscopic wires |
Chunks
|
The
building blocks of product architecture. They are made up of inseparable
physical elements. ther terms for chunks may be modules or major subassemblies |
Classification
|
A
systematic arrangement into groups or classes based on natural relationships.
|
Classification and Coding (CC)
|
Técnica para definir famílias de itens (peças,
produtos, equipamentos etc.) facilitando a recuperação desses itens ou infos
relacionadas. Codificação abrange a atribuição de um código para os itens com
o intuito de identificá-lo e mesmo classificá-lo dent |
Cloud of Points
|
A set of
x-y-z coordinates obtained from a 3D scanner or digitizer. The data can be
interpreted as a continuous surface and used in a 3D model. This
ia often used for reverse engineering |
Clusters
|
Agrupamento de empresas sob a forma de redes onde
expõem suas competências essenciais e visam a exploração conjunta de novas
oportunidades de negócio; compartilhando recursos, habilidades, nichos de
mercado e custos, sem que haja um escritório central ou hierarquia. |
Code of Accounts
|
Any
numbering system used to uniquely identiy each element of the work breakdown
struture. See also Chart of Accounts |
Collaborative Engineering
|
É uma abordagem sistemática para
controle/gerenciamento do custo do ciclo de vida, da qualidade do produto e
do time to market durante o PDP, por meio do desenvolvimento simultâneo do
produto e dos processos em resposta às expectativas do consumidor, em que a
tomada de decisões asseguram/consideram as entradas e a avaliação de todas as
disciplinas(áreas de conhecimento) do ciclo de vida, incluindo uma estreita
participação dos fornecedores, e o uso da tecnologia de informação para dar
suporte à troca de informações quando necessário.(WILLAERT et al., 1998).
Representa uma evolução do conceito de Engenharia Simultânea para um
relacionamento mais estreito na rede de clientes e fornecedores durante o PDP |
Collaborative Product Commerce (CPC)
|
The Aberdeen Group defines it as “...a class of software and services that uses Internet technologies to permit individuals-no matter what role they have in the commercialization of a product, no matter what computer-based tools they use, no matter where they are located geographically or within the supply net-to collaboratively develop, build, and manage products throughout the entire lifecycle. Using a standard browser, an authorized CPC user can review information from an extended-enterprise information system ‘view’ that operates across a dispersed set of heterogeneous product development resources. These resources typically reside in multiple information repositories and are derived from independently implemented and maintained systems.” / É uma abordagem sis |