Glossário

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

A	(início do glossário)
Accidental Discovery	New designs, ideas, and developments different from that originally hoped for from research.
Accountability Matrix	See responsibility assignment matrix.
ACIS	A solid modeling engine or kernal used in a number of CAD systems. Having a common solids modeling engine allows more ready interchange of data between different CAD systems.
ACIS SAT	A file format for 3D solid geometry created by systems using the ACIS solids modeling engine.
Activity	An element of work perfomed during the course of a project. An activity normally has an expected duration, an expected cost, and expected resource requirements. Ctivities can be subdivided into tasks.
Activity Based Costing (ABC) / Custeio Baseado em Atividades (ABC)	A costing and analysis method that associates resources and their costs to activities and then associates the costs of activities to cost objects (e.g., a product) based on a cost drivers which measure use of an activity by the cost object. / Um motor ou um kernal modelando contínuo usado em um número de Sistemas de CAD. Tendo os sólidos comuns que modelam o motor Permitem um intercâmbio mais pronto dos dados entre sistemas de CAD diferentes.
Activity Definition	Identifying the specific activities that must be performed to produce the various project deliverables.
Activity Description (AD)	A short phrse or label used in a project network diagram. The activity description normally describes the scope of work of the activity.
Activity Duration Estimating	Estimating the number of work periods that will be needed to complete individual activities
Activity Sequencing	Identifying and documenting interactivity logical relationships. (início do glossário)
Activity-on-Arrow (AOA)	See arrow diagramming method.
Activity-on-Node (AON)	See precedence diagramming method.
Actual Cost (AC)	Total costs incurred that must relate to whatever cost was budgeted within the planned value and earned value (which can sometimes be direct labor hours aloone, direct costs alone including indirect costs) in accomplishing work during a given time period. See also earned value.
Actual Cost of Work Performed (ACWP)	This term has been replaced with the term actual cost.
Actual Finish Date (AF)	The point in time that work actually ended on an activity. (Note: in some application areas, the activity is considered "finished" when work is "substantially complete".).
Actual Start Date (AS)	The point in time that work actually started on an activity.
Adminstrative Closure	Generating, gatherin, and disseminating information to formatize phase or project completion.
Advance Quality Planning (AQP)	An assessment at the start of product development to identify problems with other similar products so that preventative steps or counter-measures can be taken with the new product.
Affinity Diagram	Affinity diagrams or charts are a simple way for a group to cluster qualitative data and come up with a consensus view on a subject. It is often used with QFD to sort and organize the large amount of customer needs data. In this instance, statements of customer needs are written on cards or post-its.  The cards or post-its are logically organized by the group and the group develops headings under which to cluster these needs. The cards or post-its are moved to the appropriate group headings.
Affordability	The characteristic of a product with a selling price that that is no more than its functional worth to a customer and is within the customer's ability to pay.
Algorithm of Inventive Problem Solving (ARIZ)	Russian acronym for Algorithm of Inventive Problem Solving (see TIPS).
Alpha Test	In-house testing of pre-production products to find and eliminate the most obvious design defects or deficiencies, either in a laboratory setting or in some part of the developing firm's regular operations. See also beta test.
Ambiente Virtual	Ambiente sintético desenvolvido em computador para simular tanto um ambiente imaginário quanto um ambiente real.
Análise SWOT	uma metodologia para análise de cenários em planejamento estratégico que considera as forças, fraquezas, ameaças e oportunidades da empresa.
Analog Hardware Description Language (AHDL)	Analog Hardware Description Language (IEEE standard 1076.1) - describes the physical design, electronic behavior, logical structure and system annotation information for analog circuits.
Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP)	A decision making tool for complex, multi-criteria problems where both qualitative and quantitative aspects of a problem need to be incorporated. AHP clusters the decision elements according to their common characteristics into a hierarchical structure similar to a family tree. It involves building a hierarchy (Ranking) of decision elements and then making comparisons between each possible pair in each cluster (as a matrix). This gives a weighting for each element within a cluster (or level of the hierarchy) and also a consistency ratio (useful for checking the consistency of the data). By reducing complex decisions to a series of simple comparisons and rankings, then synthesizing the results, AHP helps arrive at the best decision and also provides a clear rationale for the choice made. The Analytical Hierarchy Process Model was designed by TL Saaty as a decision making aid.
Anticipatory Failure Determination (AFD)	Is a failure analysis method. Like FMEA, it has the objective of identifying and mitigating failures. Rather than asking developers to look for a cause of a failure mode, it reverses the problem by asking developers to view the failure of interest as the intended consequence and try to devise ways to assure that the failure always happens reliably. This viewpoint then facilitates better identifying steps to avoid the failure.
Application Activity Model (AAM)	Application Activity Model (STEP) - A formal functional description of the processes in a defined application context. The AAM includes definition of those data items which act as inputs, controls, outputs, and mechanisms on those processes. The purpose of these representations are 1.) to obtain an understanding and agreement of the application process, and 2.) for data discovery.
Application Area	A category of projects that have common elements not present in all projects. Application areas are usually defined in terms of either the product of the project (i.e., by similar technologies or industri sectors) or the type of customer (e.g., internal versus external, government versus commercial) Application areas often overlap.
Application Protocol Interface - Application Programming Interface (API)	1. Application Protocol Interface 2. Application Programming Interface - the standard set of functions provided by a program or operating system to allow for integration of other software. Two programs linked via an API can both be altered and still work together so long as both conform to the API.
Application Protocols (AP)	These specify implementable STEP data constructs for communicating informa-tion in a defined application context. It defines the context for the use of product data and specifies the use of the base standard in that context to satisfy an industrial need. AP's are Parts in the 200 series of the STEP standard.
Application Reference Model (ARM)	Application Reference Model (STEP) - An information model that formally describes the information requirements and constraints for an application area. The information model uses application-specific terminology and rules familiar to an expert from the application area. The model is independent of any physical implementation and must be validated by experts from the application area.
Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC)	Application Specific Integrated Circuit - a semi-custom chip used in a specific application that is design by integrating standard cells from a library.
Application Specific Standard Part (ASSP)	Application Specific Standard Part - a chip that is originally designed as an ASIC and is later released for general use.
Apportionment	The assignment of goals such as reliability from system to subsystem in such a way that the whole system will meet the required goal.
Architecture / Arquitetura	See "product architecture." / Ver "Arquitetura de Produto".
Arrow	The graphic presentation of an activity. See also arrow diagramming method.
Arrow Diagramming Method (ADM)	A network diagramming technique in which activities are represented by arrows. The tail of the arrow represents the start, and the head represents the finish of the activity (the length of the arrow does not represent the expected duration of the activity). Activities are connected at points called nodes (usually drawn as smal circles) to illustrate the sequence in which the activities are expected to be performed. See also precedence dagramming method.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) / Inteligência Artificial (IA)	É o estudo de aparelhos e sistemas computacionais feitos pelo homem que podem agir de uma maneira que nos levaria a qualificar como inteligente. Esta definição incorpora o aprendizado e a adaptabilidade como características gerais da inteligência.
As-Is Map	A version of a process map depicting how an existing process actually operates. This may differ substantially from documented guidelines.
As-of Date	See data date.
Associativity	A link between two different functions in a CAD system that assures that a change made in one area is reflected in all other areas. For example, a change to a solid model will be reflected in its drawing and related CAM program. Bi-directional associativity indicates that updates happen in both directions between functions. For example, a change to a drawing will be reflected in its solids model.
Assumptions	Assumptions are factor that, for planning purposes, are considered to be true, real or certain. Assumptions affect all aspects of project planning, and are part of the progressive elaboration of the project. Project teams frequently identify, document, and validate assumptions as part of their planning process. Assumptions generally involve a degree of risk.
Assumptions Analysis	A technique that explores the assumptions accuracy and identifies risks to the project from inaccuracy, inconsistency, or incompleteness of assumptions.
Autentificação	Técnicas utilizadas em computação para a checagem de propriedade de determinada informação. Em redes, evita que pacotes maliciosos de fontes fictícias sejam manipuladas pelos receptores.
Automatic Test Pattern Generation (ATPG)	Automatic Test Pattern Generation - a software tool that utilizes lists of faults and a model of the circuit to analyze the logical and topical nature of the circuit in order to create test vectors for each fault.
Availability	The characteristic of the product that defines the percentage of time that a product is available and operational for customer use.
Avaliação do Desempenho Financeiro	documentos ou conjunto de documentos que sumarizam o desempenho da empresa em termos financeiros, tais como: lucro líquido, etc…
Avaliação do Desempenho no Mercado	documentos ou conjunto de documentos que sumarizam o resultado da empresa no mercado, tais como: fatia, valor total do mercado, tendências, avaliações de preferências dos consumidores.
Avaliação do Desempenho Operacional	documentos ou conjunto de documentos que sumarizam o desempenho dos processos de negócio da empresa, vendas, tempo de atendimento, número de clientes, tamanho da força de vendas, etc...
Awareness	A measure of the percent of target customers who are aware of the new product's existence. Awareness is variously defined, including recall of brand, recognition of brand, recall of key features or positioning
B	(início do glossário)
Backward Pass	The calculation of late finish dates an late start dates for the uncompleted portions of all network activities. Determined by working backwards through the network logic from the projects end date. The end date may be calculated in a forward pass or set by the customes or sponsor. See also network analysis
Balanced Score Card	A comprehensive performance measurement technique that considers four areas of performance in a balanced way: 1) customer perspective - how customers see us, 2) internal perspective - what we must excel at, 3) innovation & learning - how we continue to improve and create value, 4)financial perspective - how we meet shareholder needs / É um sistema de controle estratégico que tem como objetivo esclarecer e traduzir a visão da empresa, comunicar e alinhar os objetivos e fornecer feedback sobre a implementação da estratégia, sendo constituído por um conjunto balanceado de medidas de desempenho financeiras e não-financeiras, ligadas por relações de causa-e-efeito e organizadas em quatro perspectivas: financeira, cliente, processo interno de negócio e aprendizagem /crescimento.
Ball Grid Array (BGA)	Ball Grid Array - an electronic packaging technology in which solder balls are mounted to the underside of the package in a grid arrangement and are flowed for attachment to PCB's
Bar Chart	A graphic display of schedule-related information. In the tipycal bar chart, activities or other project elements are listed down the left side of the chart, dates are shown across the top, and activity durations are shown as date-placed horizontal bars. Also called a Gantt chart.
Baseline	The original approved plan (for a project, a work package, or an activity), plus or minus approved socope changes. Usually used with a modifier (e.g., cost baseline, schedule baseline, performance measurement baseline)
Baseline Finish Date	See sheduled finish date
Baseline Start Date	See Scheduled start date
Baton-Passing Process	See Relay Race Process. / Ver Relay Race Process
Benchmarking / Benchmarking	A process of studying successful competitors (or organizations in general) and selecting the best of their actions or standards. In the new product program it means finding the best development process methods and the best process times to market and setting out to achieve them. / Benchmarking é o processo contínuo de medição de produtos, serviços e práticas em relação aos mais fortes concorrentes, ou às empresas reconhecidas como líderes em suas indústrias
Benefit	A product attribute expressed in terms of what the user gets from the product rather than its physical characteristics or features. Benefits are often paired with specific features, but they need not be. They are perceived, not necessarily real.
Beta Test	An external test of pre-production products. The purpose is to test the product for all functions in a breadth of field situations to find those system faults that are more likely to show in actual use than in the firm's more controlled in-house tests before sale to the general market. See also alpha test.
Bezier curve	Polynomial used to describe complex curves and surfaces
Bill of Material (BOM) / Estrutura de Produto	Bill of Material - a list of sub-assemblies, components and/or raw materials that make up a higher-level component, assembly, product or system. An engineering BOM represents the assembly structure implied by the parts lists on drawings and drawing tree structure. A manufacturing BOM represents the assembly build-up the way a product is manufactured. / Lista de todas as submontagens, componentes intermediários, matérias-primas e itens comprados que são utilizados na fabricação e/ou montagem de um produto, mostrando as relações de precedência e quantidade de cada item necessário, também pode conter outro
Boothroyd Dewhurst, Inc (BDI)	Boothroyd Dewhurst, Inc. - vendors of DFMA software
Boundary Representation (B-Rep)	Boundary Representation - solids modeling approach based on representing exterior surfaces that define a solid (as opposed to constructive solid geometry).
Boundary Scan	A design for testability method that places a scan register at at every pin of every chip on a board for board testing and diagnostics. The test process can control and observe the state of every pin I/O pin without requiring physical access to any of them
Brainstorming	A group method of problem-solving used in product concept generation, there are many modifications in format of use, each variation with its own name.
Brand	A name, term, design, symbol, or any other feature that identifies one seller's good or service as distinct from those of other sellers. The legal term for brand is trademark. A brand may identify one item, a family of items, or all items of that seller.
Brand Development Index (BDI)	A measure of the relative strength of a brand's sales in a geographic area. Computationally BDI is the percent of total national brand sales which occur in an area divided by the percent of US households which reside in that area.
Breadboard	A proof-of-concept modeling technique that represents how a product will work, but not how a product will look.
Break Even After Release (BEAR)	Break Even After Release - a metric that measures the time after release of a product for production or sale until the the product has achieved financial breakeven considering the investment in development and other non-recurring expenses.
Breakeven Time (BET)	Breakeven Time - a product development metric
B-spline	A mathematical interpolation method for describing complex curves and surfaces
Budger Estimate	See estimate
Budget at Completion (BAC)	The sum of the total budgets for a project.
Budgeted Cost of Work Performed (BCWP)	This term has been replaced with the term Earned Value
Budgeted Cost of Work Scheduled (BCWS)	This term has been replaced with the term Planned value
Buffer	See Reserve
Built-in-Self-Test (BIST)	Built-in-Self-Test - a feature of automatic testing where many test pattern programs are built directly into the circuit generally for go/no-go testing of the assembly or circuit using signature analysis
Business Analysis	An analysis of the business situation surrounding a proposed project. Usually includes financial forecasts in terms of discounted cash flows, net present values or internal rates of returns
Business Case	The results of the business analysis, or up-front homework. Ideally defined just prior to the “go to development" decision (gate), the case defines the product and project, including the project justification and the action or business plan.
Business Management Team	Top functional managers and business unit head who work together throughout the design of the decision-flow component of a stage-gate process.
Business Modeling / Modelo de Negócios	Modelagem de Negócio é a área de estudos que desenvolve técnicas métodos e ferramentas para o desenvolvimento de representações de uma organização real, e servem como uma referência comum para todos os seus membros, sejam eles pessoas, sistemas ou recurso
Business Plan	o termo Business Plan ou simplesmente Plano de Negócios foi propositalmente evitado no modelo de referência. Considera-se que, na forma como apresentado na literatura, ele poderia ser empregado com diferentes níveis de detalhes em mais de um momento do modelo de referência. Os termos que correspondem a ele são Plano Estratégico Corporativo, Plano Estratégico da Unidade de Negócios e Plano Estratégico de Negócios
Business Process (BP) / Processo de Negócios	É um fenômeno que ocorre dentro das empresas. Compreende um conjunto de atividades repetitivas realizadas na empresa, associadas às informações que manipula, utilizando os recursos e a  organização da empresa. Forma uma unidade coesa e deve ser focalizado
Business Process Modeling / Modelo de Processo de Negócio	É uma representação do processo de negócio, contendo uma ou mais visões do processo. As visões mais usuais são as de atividades ou funções, informações ou dados, organização, recursos e a de processo propriamente dita, que procura colocar em uma mesma representação a interação entre atividades e informações. Em alguns formalismos de representação essa visão de processo contém ainda os eventos que ocorrem ao final da realização de uma atividade, os recursos utilizados para a sua realização e os seus responsáveis.
Business to Business (B2B)	Non-consumer purchasers such as manufacturers, resellers (distributors, wholesalers, jobbers and retailers, for example) institutional, professional and governmental organizations. Frequently referred to as "industrial" businesses in the past.
Buyer	The purchaser of a product, whether or not they will be the ultimate user. Especially in business-to-business markets, a purchasing agent may contract for the actual purchase of a good or service, yet never benefit from the function(s) purchased.
Buyer Concentration	The degree to which purchasing power is held by a relatively small percentage of the total number of buyers in the market
C	(início do glossário)
CAD Framework Initiative (CFI)	CAD Framework Initiative - a standard to facilitate integration of electronic design automation (EDA) tools This allows an organization to select "best of class" tools without worrying about integration issues. The CFI standards cover Design Representation Programming Interface, the Intertool Communication Programming Interface, the Tools Encapsulation Specification, the Computing Environment Services.
Calendar Unit	The smallest unit of time used in scheduling the project. Calendar unit are primarily in relation to project management software
Cannibalization	When the demand for a new product arises at least in part by eroding demand for (sales of) a current product the firm markets
Cannot Duplicate (failures) (CND)	Also known as "No Trouble Found" (NTF)
Capability Maturity Model	A model of five levels of process maturity developed by the Software Engineering Institute. These five levels starting at level one are: ad-hoc, repeatable, defined, managed and optimized.
Capability Maturity Model (CMM)	Capability Maturity Model - a model of five levels of process maturity developed by the Software Engineering Institute. These five levels starting at level one are: ad-hoc, repeatable, defined, managed and optimized.
Capacity Planning	A forward-looking activity which monitors the skill sets and effective resource capacity of the organization.
Cascading Style Sheets (CSS)	Folhas de estilo que podem ser aplicadas em conjuntos de páginas Web.
Case Based Reasoning (CBR) / Raciocínio Baseado em Casos (RBC)	é uma tecnologia derivada da pesquisa em IA que tem seu conhecimento representado como casos previamente usados para resolver problemas (Kolodner, 1993). Assim, os casos devem ser vistos como uma parte da memória, que é armazenada e pode ser usada em futuras consultas.
Category Development Index (CDI)	A measure of the relative strength of a category's sales in a geographic area. Computationally it is the percent of total national category sales which occur in an area divided by the percent of US households which live in that area.
Cave Automatic Virtual Environment (CAVE)	O ambiente CAVE, é baseado em um cômodo, onde as paredes, piso e teto são telas que recebem a projeção sincronizada das partes de um mundo virtual
Champion	A person who takes an inordinate interest in seeing that a particular process or product is fully developed and marketed. The role varies from situations calling for little more than stimulating awareness of the opportunity to extreme cases where the champion tries to force a project past the strongly entrenched internal resistance of company policy or that of objecting parties.
Change Control Board - Configuration Control Board (CCB)	A formaly constituted group of stakeholders responsible for approving or rejecting changes to the project baselines
Change Equilibrium	A balance of organizational forces that either drives or impedes change
Change Management	Gestão do processo de mudança empresarial que normalmente ocorre de forma contínua e deve acontecer de forma sistemática e estruturada.
Chart of Accounts	Any numbering system used to monitor project cost by category (e.g., labor, supplies, materials, and equpment). The project chart of accounts is usually based upon the corporate chart of accounts of primary performing organization.
Charter	See Project Charter
Checklist	A memory-jogger list of items used to remind an analyst to think of all relevant aspects. It finds frequent use as a tool of creativity in concept generation, as a factor consideration list in concept screening, and to ensure that all appropriate tasks have been completed in any stage of the product development process
Chip-on-Board (COB)	a component packaging technology in which bare integrated circuits are attached directly to the substrate and interconnected by means of microscopic wires
Chunks	The building blocks of product architecture. They are made up of inseparable physical elements. ther terms for chunks may be modules or major subassemblies
Classification	A systematic arrangement into groups or classes based on natural relationships.
Classification and Coding (CC)	Técnica para definir famílias de itens (peças, produtos, equipamentos etc.) facilitando a recuperação desses itens ou infos relacionadas. Codificação abrange a atribuição de um código para os itens com o intuito de identificá-lo e mesmo classificá-lo dent
Cloud of Points	A set of x-y-z coordinates obtained from a 3D scanner or digitizer. The data can be interpreted as a continuous surface and used in a 3D model. This ia often used for reverse engineering
Clusters	Agrupamento de empresas sob a forma de redes onde expõem suas competências essenciais e visam a exploração conjunta de novas oportunidades de negócio; compartilhando recursos, habilidades, nichos de mercado e custos, sem que haja um escritório central ou hierarquia.
Code of Accounts	Any numbering system used to uniquely identiy each element of the work breakdown struture. See also Chart of Accounts
Collaborative Engineering	É uma abordagem sistemática para controle/gerenciamento do custo do ciclo de vida, da qualidade do produto e do time to market durante o PDP, por meio do desenvolvimento simultâneo do produto e dos processos em resposta às expectativas do consumidor, em que a tomada de decisões asseguram/consideram as entradas e a avaliação de todas as disciplinas(áreas de conhecimento) do ciclo de vida, incluindo uma estreita participação dos fornecedores, e o uso da tecnologia de informação para dar suporte à troca de informações quando necessário.(WILLAERT et al., 1998). Representa uma evolução do conceito de Engenharia Simultânea para um relacionamento mais estreito na rede de clientes e fornecedores durante o PDP
Collaborative Product Commerce (CPC)	The Aberdeen Group defines it as “...a class of software and services that uses Internet technologies to permit individuals-no matter what role they have in the commercialization of a product, no matter what computer-based tools they use, no matter where they are located geographically or within the supply net-to collaboratively develop, build, and manage products throughout the entire lifecycle. Using a standard browser, an authorized CPC user can review information from an extended-enterprise information system ‘view’ that operates across a dispersed set of heterogeneous product development resources. These resources typically reside in multiple information repositories and are derived from independently implemented and maintained systems.” / É uma abordagem sistemática para controle/gerenciamento do custo do ciclo de vida, da qualidade do produto e do time to market durante o PDP, por meio do desenvolvimento simultâneo do produto e dos processos em resposta às expectativas do consumidor, em que a tomada de decisões asseguram/consideram as entradas e a avaliação de todas as disciplinas(áreas de conhecimento) do ciclo de vida, incluindo uma estreita participação dos fornecedores, e o uso da tecnologia de informação para dar suporte à troca de informações quando necessário.(WILLAERT et al., 1998). Representa uma evolução do conceito de Engenharia Simultânea para um relacionamento mais estreito na rede de clientes e fornecedores durante o PDP
Co-location	The physical locating of project personnel in one area, enabling more rapid and frequent communication among them
Commercialization	Commercialization is the process to taking a new product from development to full volume sales. It includes steps such as testing and market validation, production launch and ramp-up, development of marketing programs and materials, supply chain development, sales channel development, training development, training, and service and support development
Commodities	Produtos cujo diferencial entre diversos fornecedores é apenas o seu preço, pois todos eles oferecem a mesma qualidade e funcionalidade. Antigamente produtos que não posssuiam valor agregado tecnológico eram considerados commodities (parafusos, porcas, etc..). Com o avanço da tecnologia de fabricação produtos mais sofisticados podem ser considerados hoje commodities, como por exemplo, certos componentes de automóveis
Communications Plannning	Determining the information and communications needs of the will be given to them
Competence / Competência	Pessoa ou organização qualificada para realizar algo que agregue valor econômico à organização e valor social ao indivíduo. Aquilo que você faz de melhor.
Complex Programmable Logic Device (CPLD)	contains more than 1,000 gates and 44 or more pins.
Component / Componente	A constituent part, an element
Component Supplier Management (CSM)	A class of software applications that maintain information about standard components, both purchased and made, to support various functional disciplines such as design, procurement, materials, configuration management, and manufacturing. This system serves as a central repository for component and supplier information to maximize standardization, design retrieval and re-use, and procurement efficiency
Computer - Aided Engineering (CAE) / Auxílio do computador na Engenharia (CAE)	Computer-Aided Engineering (CAE) is the use of computers in design, analysis, and manufacturing of a product, process, or project. Sometimes refers more narrowly to the use of computers only in the analysis stage / Estes sistemas atuam na área de cálculos de engenharia e são chamados de CAE Computer Aided Engineering, onde são realizadas atividades do tipo análise estrutural por elementos finitos (FEM), análise de escoamento, simulações multi-corpos, análise de tensões, etc
Computer Aided Design (CAD)	Computer-Aided Design (CAD) is the use of a computer to assist in the creation and modification of a design, most commonly, designs with a heavy engineering content
Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM) / Auxílio via Computador da Preparação da Manufatura (CAM)	Computer-Aided Manufacturing - the use of computers to assist in the creation or modification of manufacturing control data, plans, or operations. Sometimes refers more specifically to the programming of numerical controlled (NC) machines / Computer Aided Manufacturing, Podemos definir CAM como auxílio via computador da preparação da manufatura, representando as tecnologias usadas no chão de fábrica, dizendo não só a respeito da automação da manufatura, como: CNC (Comando Numérico Computadorizado), CLP (Controle Lógico Programável), coletores de dados (DNC), como também a tomada de decisão, plano operacional, etc
Computer-Aided Manufacturing/Numeric Control (CAM)	Termo que descreve várias ferramentas associadas ao uso da tecnologia da informação para auxiliar o planejamento, realização ou o controle das operações de manufatura. Algumas vezes se refere mais especificamente à tecnologia de Controle Numérico das operações de manufatura.
Computer-Aided Process Planning (CAPP) / Planejamento do Processo Assistido por Computador (CAPP)	O planejamento de processo abrange a obtenção de todas as informações para se produzir uma peça ou montar um porduto. O CAPP apoia estas atividades com auxílio do computador. O CAPP produz informações padronizadas, eliminando a inconsistência de plano obtidos por processistas diferentes. A qualidade da documentação enviada ao chão- de-fábrica eleva-se também, garantindo o domínio do processo. Existem quatro tipos de CAPP: planejamento variante, planejamento generativo interativo, planejamento generativo automático e planejamento híbrido.
Computer-Enhanced Creativity	Using specially-designed computer software which aid in the process of recording, recalling and reconstructing ideas to speed up the new product development process
Computer-Integrated Manufacturing (CIM)	Filosofia que prega que a integração parte de uma visão holística da empresa, onde todas as visões fazem parte de um todo unificado. O que sustenta esta visão holística é a compreensão da empresa através de seus processos de negócio nas suas diversas visões (estratégias, atividades, informação, recursos e organização).
Concept	A clear written and possibly visual description of the new product idea which includes its primary features and consumer benefits. Concept Generation: The act by which new concepts, or product ideas, are generated. Sometimes also called idea generation or ideation.
Concept Optimization	A research approach that evaluates how specific product benefits or features contribute to a concept's overall appeal to consumers. Results are used to select from the options investigated to construct the most appealing concept from the consumer's perspective.
Concept Statement	A verbal or pictorial statement of a concept that is prepared for presentation to consumers to get their reaction prior to development
Concept Study Activity	The set of product development tasks in which a concept is given enough examination to determine if there are substantial unknowns about the market, technology or production process.
Concept Testing	The set of product development tasks in which a concept is given enough examination to determine if there are substantial unknowns about the market, technology or production process.
Concurrency	Carrying out separate stages of the product development process at the same time rather than sequentially.
Concurrent Engineering (CE)	Sinonimous of the Simultaneous Engineering, A systematic approach to the integrated, concurrent design of products and their related processes, including manufacture and support. This approach is intended to cause the developers, from the outset, to consider all elements of the product life cycle from conception through disposal, including quality, cost, schedule and user requirements / Sinonimo de Simultaneous Engineering
Concurrent Engineering (CE)	A systematic approach to the integrated, concurrent design of products and their related processes, including manufacture and support. This approach is intended to cause the developers, from the outset, to consider all elements of the product life cycle from conception through disposal, including quality, cost, schedule and user requirements /// Concurrent engineering is a systematic approach for considering all aspects of a product’s life cycle management including the integration of planning, design, production and related phases
Concurrent Product Development (CPD)	synonymous with concurrent engineering or integrated product development
Conjoint Analysis	A methodology for exploring and describing subjective customer views of product features. Conjoint analysis avoids direct questioning, e.g., "what do you think of the price of our product?" Instead, the customer is asked what they are willing to pay for a particular product feature. Thus, the real buying situation with consideration of different cost-benefit alternatives is simulated. The resulting analysis show directly the contribution of each product feature to the total product utility. Conjoint analysis can be used to determine to what extent a product's perceived utility changes if some particular product feature is modified.
Constraints	As related to CAD, these are values in a geometric model that define relationships between entities such as planes, surfaces, points, lines, arcs, centers, edges, etc. Constraints are used to fully define a model and to drive parametric or variational geometry systems. The algorithms used to work with constraints are known as constraint management
Consumer	The most generic and all-encompassing term for a firm's targets. The term is used in either the business-to-business or household context and may refer to the firm's current customers, competitors' customers, or current non-purchasers with similar needs or demographic characteristics. The term does not differentiate between whether the person is a buyer or a user target. Only a fraction of consumers will become customers.
Consumer Market	The purchasing of goods and services by individuals and for household use (rather than for use in business settings). Consumer purchases are generally made by individual decision-makers either for themselves for others in the family.
Consumer Need	A problem the consumer would like to have solved. What a consumer would like a product to do for them.
Consumer Panels	Specially-recruited groups of consumers whose longitudinal category purchases are recorded either by hand or via scanner technology
Contingencies	See Reserve and Contingency Planning
Contingency Allowance	See Reserve
Contingency Planning	The development of a management plan that identifies alternative strategies to be used to ensure project success if specified risk events occur.
Contingency Reserve	The amount of money or time needed above the estimate to reduce the risk of overruns of project objectives to a level acceptable to the organization.
Continuous Improvement - Configuration Item (CI)	The review, analysis and rework directed at improving practices and processes
Continuous Learning Activity	The set of product development tasks involving an objective examination of how a product development project is progressing or how it was carried out to permit process changes to simplify its remaining steps or improve the product being developed or its schedule
Contract	A contract is a mutually binding agreement that obligates the seller to provide the of three broad categories: fixed-price or lump-sum contracts, cost-reimbursable contracts, time and material contracts
Contract Administration	Managing the relationship with the seller
Contract Closeout	Completion and settlement of the contrct, including resolution of any open items.
Contract Developer	An external provider of product development services
Control	The process of comparing actual performance with planned performance, analyzing variances, evaluating possible alternatives, and taking appropriate corrective action as needed.
Control Account Plan (CAP)	Previously called a Cost Account Plan. The CAP is a management control point where the integration of scope and budget and schedule takes place, and where the masurement of performance will happen. CAPs are placed at selected management points of the Work Breakdown Structure.
Control Chart	A graphical display of results of a process over time. They are used to determine if a process is in statistical control or in need of adjustment.
Controlled Store Testing	A method of test marketing where specialized companies are employed to handle product distribution and auditing rather than a company's normal sales force.
Contructive Solids Geometry (CSG)	a solid modeling method using primitives to build more complex models and Boolean operations of add, difference, and intersection.
Convergent Thinking	A technique generally performed in the initial phase of ideas generation to help funnel the high volume of ideas created through divergent thinking into a small group or single idea on which more effort will be focused.
Coordination Matrix	A summary chart that identifies the key stages of a development project, their goals, and key activities within each stage
Core Benefit Proposition (CBP)	The central benefit or purpose for which a consumer buys a product. The CBP may come either from the physical good or service performance, or it may come from the augmented dimensions of the product.
Core Competence / Competência Essencial	Competência é quando uma pessoa apresenta bons resultados na sua atuação profissional, na aplicação de seus conhecimentos e/ou habilidades. Competência essencial é o conjunto de competência que uma empresa possui, ou seja, seu pessoal
Corporative Universit / Universidade Corporativa	Universidade Corporativa: Universidade corporativa é o meio através do qual se consegue o desenvolvimento e a instalação das competências profissionais, técnicas e gerenciais consideradas essenciais para a viabilização das estratégias de negócio de uma organização. Deste modo, engloba cursos, técnicas de aprendizagem e gerenciamento de conhecimento, além da política para o ambiente ideal para a realização destas ações.
Corretive Action	Changes made to bring expected future performance of the project in line with the plan
Cos-Plus-Incentive-Free Contract (CPIF)	A type of contract where the buyer reimburses the lesser for the sellers allowable cost (allowable costs are defined by the contract), and the seller earns its profit it meets defined performance criteira.
Cost	O aspecto do custo é fundamental para o processo de desenvolvimento de produto.Um conceito importante é o de Target Cost, definido desde o início do projeto pela diferença entre o preço de venda do produto esperado e a margem de lucro esperada.
Cost as an Independent Variable (CAIV)	Cost as an Independent Variable (DoD initiative) - an acquisition strategy of obtaining the best available product/system within the constraints of available resources. Cost performance & schedule trades are made to achieve this balance with budget
Cost Budgeting	Allocting the cost estimates to individual work activities
Cost Contol	Controlling changes to the project budget
Cost Estimating	Developing an approximation (estimate) of the cost of the resources needed to complete project activities
Cost of Goods Sold (COGS)	The direct costs associated with producing a product
Cost of Quality (COQ)	The cost incurred to ensure quality. The cost of quality includes quality planning, quality control, quality assurance, and rework.
Cost Performance Index (CPI)	The cost efficiency ratio of earned value to actual costs. CPI is often used to predict the magnitude of a possible cost overrun using the following formula: BAC/CPI = projected cost at completion. CPI = EV divided by AC
Cost Variance (CV)	1) Any difference between the budgeted cost of an activity and the actual cost of that activity. 2) In earned value, EV less ACWP = CV.
Cost-Plus-Fixed-Fee Contract (CPFF)	A type of contract where the buyer reimburses the seller for the sellers allowable costs (allowable costs are defined by the contract) plus a fixed amount of profit (free).
Crashing	Taking action to decrease the total project duration after analyzing a number of alternatives to determine how to get the maximum duration compression for the least cost.
Crashing	Taking action to decrease the total project duration by analyzing a number of alternatives to determine how to get the maximum duration compression for the least cost
Criteria	Statements of standards used by gate-keepers at each gate and related to all organizational functions. The criteria necessary to achieve or surpass for product development projects to continue in development. In the aggregate, these criteria reflect a business unit's new product strategy
Critical Activity	Any activity on a critical path. Most commonly determined by using the critical path method. Although some activities are "critical", in the dictionary sense, without being on the critical path, this meaning is seldom used in the project context.
Critical Characteristics	The characteristics or specifications for a material, part, assembly or product that define those attributes that are essential to the proper fit or functioning of the item to satisfy the intended customer use or need
Critical Parameter Design	É uma metodologia (um processo) para definição e otimização dos parâmetros críticos de projeto empregando Planejamento de Experimentos (DOE) e metodologia Taguchi. (Veja CLAUSING 1994).
Critical Path	In a project network diagram, the critical path is the one with the longest duration. The critical path may change from time to time as activities are completed ahead of or behind schedule. (see CPM)
Critical Path Method (CPM)	A method for determining the minimum project duration by identifying the critical path based on task interrelationships and duration. It assumes there is no wasted time for the activities that are on the critical path.
Critical Path Scheduling	A project management technique, frequently incorporated into various software programs, which puts all important steps of a given new product project into a sequential network based on task interdependencies.
Critical-to-Function (CTF)	A subset of drawing/model parameters that are critical to function and have tolerances and/or datums different from the standard tolerances or datum. As a result, these parameters will usually have tolerances and datums specifically defined on a drawing or in a model. In the absence of dimensional drawings, CTF dimensions are a means of communicating dimensions critical to success of the design, tolerance and other non-geometrical information. This approach is generally simpler than a complete fabrication drawing because of fewer dimensions
Cronograma	documento ou conjunto de documentos que descreve a programação de atividades do projeto, incluindo o relacionamento dos recursos necessários em cada atividade
Cross Sections	An explanation of a part that is referenced by slicing through the area that needs to be explained.
Cross-Functional Team (CFT)	Cross-Functional Team - a team consisting of representatives from marketing, engineering, manufacturing, finance. purchasing, test, quality, finance and any other required disciplines with responsibility for developing a product or product subsystem. This team is empowered to represent the functional discipl;ines and develop a product by addressing its life cycle requirements including its product and support
Crossing the Chasm	Making the transition to a mainstream market from an early market dominated by a few visionary customers. Customer: One who purchases or uses your firm's products or services
CSM	Component Supplier Management - a class of systems that maintains information about standard components, both purchased and made, to support various functional disciplines such as design, procurement, materials, configuration management, and manufacturing. This system serves as a central repository for component and supplier information to maximize standardization, design retrieval and re-use, and procurement efficiency.
Cumulative Tolerance	Progressive accumulation of tolerances resulting from multiple operations or assembly of multiple parts
Current Finish Date	The current estimate of the point in time when an activity will be completed.
Current Start Date	The current estimate of the point in time when an activity will begin.
Customer Need	A fundamental need to be satisfied independent of a particular technology or product solution (e.g., . access the internet. )
Customer Relationship Management (CRM )	Filosofia e práticas de relacionamento individualizado com os clientes (marketing 1 to 1).
Customer Value Added Ratio	The ratio of WWPF (worth what paid for) for your products to WWPF for your competitors' products. A ratio above 100% indicates superior value compared to your competitors
Customer-based Success	The extent to which a new product is accepted by customers and the trade
Custos de Transação	São os custos incorridos desde a iniciação, negociação, acordo, adaptação e controle da troca de serviço ou produto.
D	(início do glossário)
Dados Publicados	trata-se de dados para pesquisa de mercado obtidos publicados por empresas de comunicação, organizações governamentais e classistas. Por exemplo: relatórios setoriais de veículos de imprenssa especializados em negócios, associações comerciais, associações industriais como ANFAVEA / SINDIPEÇAS. São um tipo de dado secundário.
Dados de Agências de Serviços de Informação	São os dados específicospara pesquisa de mercado desenvolvidos por empresas especializadas em pesquisa de mercado. Por exemplo: painéis de consumidores, medição de audiências em rádio e TV. São um tipo de dado secundário.
Dados de Pesquisa Experimental	são um tipo de dado primário para pesquisa de mercado obtido por meio de um experimento sob condições controladas. Em desenvolvimento de produto são utilizados, por exemplo, para identificar capacidade de diferenciação de sabores, preferência de embalagens e outros.
Dados de Pesquisa Qualitativa	são um tipo de dado primário para pesquisa de mercado obtido de métodos de pesquisa qualitativa. Estes métodos são: Entrevistas individuais, Clínicas (Grupos Focais) e Observação Direta. Dados de Pesquisa por
Dados de Sistemas de Informação	trata-se de dados para pesquisa de mercado obtidos de sistemas de informação que suportam as atividades da empresa. Por exemplo: compilações de resultados de assistência técnica, receitas de vendas, consultas e reclamações nas centrais de atendimento ao consumidor etc. São um tipo de dado secundário.
Dados Primários	são os dados e informações coletados especialmente para o projeto de pesquisa
Dados Secundários	são aqueles os dados de fontes externas, isto é, coletados para outros fins e meios não são específicos para a pesquisa que se deseja conduzir.
Data	Measurements taken at the source of a business process
Data Base (DB) / Banco de dados (BD)	DB An electronic gathering of information organized in some way to make it easy to search, uncover and manipulate / Um conjunto de informações relacionadas entre si, referentes a um mesmo assunto e organizadas de maneira útil, com o propósito de servir de base para que o usuário recupere informações.
Data Date (DD)	The date at which, or up to which, the projects reporting system has provided actual status and accomplishments. Also called as-of date.
Data Dictionary	Data Dictionary - a definition of data elements for uses such as information engineering or quality function deployment.
Data Exchange Format (DXF)	- format for CAD drawings often used to transfer CAD data from one system or program to another.
Data Mining / análise de dados	consiste de uma nova tecnologia de análise de dados que utiliza algoritmos capazes de extrair conhecimento a partir de grandes massas de dados
Data Warehouse	Coleção de dados orientada a fatos, multidimensional, integrada e não volátil que armazena uma “cópia” otimizada dos dados operacionais para serem consultados e analisados.
Data Warehousing	um ambiente estruturado, extensível, projetado para a análise de dados não voláteis, lógica e fisicamente transformados, provenientes de diversas aplicações, alinhados com a estrutura da empresa, atualizados e mantidos por um longo período de tempo, referidos em termos utilizados no negócio e sumarizados para análise rápida
Datum	Theoretically exact planes, lines or points from which other features are located on design drawings.
Dead on Arrival (DOA)	. Products that don. t operate when received and first used by a customer.
Decision Tree Analysis	The decision tree is a diagram that describes a decision under consideration and the implications of choosing one or another of the avaliable alternatives. It incorporates probabilities or risks and the costs or rewards of each logical path of events and future decisions.
Declaração de Escopo de Revisão do Planejamento Estratégico de Negócios	documento que descreve qual o nível de detalhamento e resultados que se espera da revisão ou desenvolvimento do Planejamento Estratégico do Negócio. Ele contém objetivos, equipe responsável, recursos necessários, produtos e resultados importantes. A missão principal deste documento é deixar em comum acordo o nível de detalhamento das atividades de planejamento. Pode envolver desde uma simples revisão do Planejamento Estratégico anterior até a completa reformulação, isto é, o desenvolvimento de um novo Plano Estratégico de Negócios.
Decline Stage	The fourth and last stage of the product life cycle. Entry into this stage is generally caused by technology advancements, consumer or user preference changes, global competitive on environmental or regulatory changes.
Deep Sub-Micron design (DSM)	relates to the design of integrated circuits with feature sizes less than .5um.
Definitive Estimate	See estimate
Deliverable	Any measurable, tangible, verifiable outcome, result, or item that must be produced to complete a project or part of a project. Often used more narrowly in reference to an external deliverable, which is a deliverable that is subject to approval by the project sponsor or customer.
Delphi Processes	A technique which uses iterative rounds of consensus development across a group of experts to arrive at the most probable outcome for some future state
Dependency	See Logical Relationship
Derivative Product	A new product based on changes to an existing product that modifies, refines or improves some product features without affecting the basic product architecture or platform.
Descrição do Portfolio de Produtos	documento ou conjunto de documentos que descreve cada um dos produtos que a empresa possui e todos os que planeja lançar. Além disso, para cada produto há uma descrição do seu mercado alvo e suas características básicas e as previsões de entrada e saída do mercado. Para os produtos ainda não desenvolvidos deve constar a data de início do seu projeto de desenvolvimento.
Design	É uma ferramenta de auxílio à confecção de desenhos de engenharia. Sua maior contribuição ocorre no modelamento dos produtos e componentes, e no detalhamento de seus desenhos.
Design Build Team (DBT)	Design Build Team - term used by Boeing & others synonymous with integrated product team
Design for Assembling (DFA)	DFA tem por objetivo tornar a montagem do produto o menos custosa e mais otimizada possível. Visa simplificar a montagem de produtos.
Design for Excellence (DFX)	Design for Excellence - designing to consider all relevant life cycle factors such as manufacturability, reliability, maintainability, testability, affordability, etc.
Design for Manufacturability (DFM) / Projeto para Manufatura	DFM traduz a busca durante o projeto, em tornar mais fácil a manufatura dos componentes que formarão o produto depois de montado. Visa aperfeiçoar a fabricação de componentes.
Design for the Environment (DFE)	Conjunto de técnicas e métodos a ser utilizados ao longo do projeto visando a redução do impacto ambiental do produto final, tanto em seu uso como no descarte, após a vida útil.
Design Methodology	Design methodology is a collection of procedures, tools and techniques to use when designing (Goals and priorities for research in engineering design, ASME, 1986) Design methodology is a concrete course of action for the design of technical systems that derives its knowledge from design science and cognitive psychology, and from practical experience in different domains. It includes: plans of action to link working steps and design phases according to content and organization
Design of Experiments (DOE)	A statistical methodolgy for designing, conducting and analyzing experiments or tests to evaluate product and process design parameters or factors that affect the achievement of a product performance characteristic. These experiments lead to setting parameter or factor levels (values) that can optimize the product performance characteristic under study and minimize the affects of variation. / Projeto de experimento é um corpo de conhecimento e ferramentas usadas para reduzir o tempo efetivo de um experimento. É usado para desenvolver procedimentos para manipular, sistematicamente,produtos e processos ou fatores relacionados com o ambiente que afeta a pesquisa no sentido de avaliar e medir seus impactos em relação a uma performance estabelecida. Ou ainda, é uma metodologia estatística para projetar, conduzir e analisar experiências ou testes para avaliar o produto e os parâmetros ou os fatores do projeto do processo que afetam a realização de uma característica de desempenho do produto.
Design of Manufacturability / Assembly (DFMA)	DFMA é uma filosofia que se utiliza de diversos conceitos, técnicas, ferramentas e métodos para aperfeiçoar a fabricação de componentes ou simplificar a montagem de produtos, utilizando para tal desde a análise de valores de tolerâncias, a complexidade do produto, número mínimo de componentes necessários, layout do produto dentre outros. O DFMA pode ser utilizado na análise de produtos em manufatura. Neste caso o produto é desmontado e montado novamente dando ênfase a tempos e custos de manuseio (alimentação e orientação) e junção (inserção) de componentes
Design Validation	Testing to assure that the product conforms to defined user needs and requirements.
Design Verification	Testing to assure that the design outputs meet design input requirements. Design verification may include activities such as: design reviews, performing alternate calculations, understanding tests and demonstrations, and review of design documents before release.
Design-to-Cost	A development methodology that treats cost as an independent design parameter. A realistic cost objective is established based on customer affordability, cost models are used to project the cost early in the development cycle, and a variety of techniques such as value analysis and DFM are used to proactively achieve the cost objective.
Design-to-Cost	A development methodology that treats cost as an independent design parameter. A realistic cost objective is established based on customer affordability, cost models are used to project the cost early in the development cycle, and a variety of techniques
Desktop Learning	Tecnologia de auxílio computacional ao aprendizado em que o usuário se utiliza de sua máquina no próprio local de trabalho para acesso aos sistemas tutores virtuais
Development Change Order (DCO)	A document used to implement changes during product development. It spells out the desired change, the reason for the change and the consequences to time to market, development cost and to the cost of producing the final product
Diagnosibility	The characteristics of a product that allow any faults (or potential faults) in the operation of the product to be identified.
Digital Pre-Assembly (DPA)	a term for electronic mock-up performed with CAD solids modeling.
Dimensional Measurement Interface Specification (DMIS)	(ANSI standard)
Direcionamento Estratégico	este termo indica o resultado da decisão sobre a estratégica genérica adotada pela empresa. Esta estratégia representa a diretriz básica que guiará as ações e metas a serem definidas no planejamento estratégico. No modelo são mencionados três tipos básicos de estratégia: Liderança total em custos, Diferenciação e Foco. Estes três tipos básicos podem ser combinados em estratégias genéricas compostas (Porter). Com relação a produtos são consideradas as seguintes estratégias compostas: Proliferação de Produtos, Valor, Design, Inovação, Atendimento e Velocidade (ver Breakthrough Products / Produtos Irresistíveis). PORTER (1992) e (serviços revolucionários)
Diretriz de direcionamento estratégico	trata-se do consenso sobre o direcionamento estratégico a ser adotado. Pode ou não ser um documento formal. Esta diretriz irá influenciar o grupo na definição das ações necessárias para o desenvolvimento do plano.
Discounted Cash Flow (DCF)	Discounted Cash Flow - an analysis technique that determines the present value of a series of positive and negative cash flows using a specified discount factor representing the cost of capital. This can be used to compare investment alternatives such a new product development alternatives.
Discounted Cash Flow Analysis	One method for providing an estimate of the current value of future incomes and expenses projected for a project.
Discrete Choice Experiment	A quantitative market research tool used to model and predict customer buying decisions.
Distribution	The method and partners used to get the product (or service) from where it is produced to where the end user can buy it.
Divergent Thinking	Technique performed early in the initial phase of idea generation which expands thinking processes to record and recall a high volume of new or interesting ideas
Documento padrão	consulte Modelo de Documento
Draft International Standards (DIS)	(International Standards Organization)
DRM Associates	DRM Associates is a management consulting and education firm specializing in new product development (NPD) and the application of best practices to the development of complex products in industries such as aerospace, automotive, capital equipment, consumer products, defense, high technology, medical equipment and other industries.
Dummy Activity	An activity of zero duration used to show a logical relationship in the arrow diagramming method. Dummy activities are used when logical relationships cannot be completely or correctly described with regular activity arrows. Dummies are shown graphicallyas dashed line headed by an arrow
Durability	The probability that an item will continue to function at customer expectation levels at the useful life without requiring overhaul or rebuild due to wear-out
Duration (DU)	The number of work periods (not including holidays or other nonworking periods) required to complete an activity or other project element. Usually expressed as workdays or workweeks. Sometimes incorrecty equated with elapsed time. See also effort.
Duration Compression	Shortening the project schedule without reducing the project scope. Duration compression is not alwaus possible and often requires an increase in project cost.
E	(início do glossário)
Early Adopters	For new products, these are customers who, relying on their own intuition and vision, buy into new product concepts very early in the life cycle. For new processes, these are organizational entities wich were willing to try out new processes rather than just maintaining the old.
Early Finish Date (EF)	In the critical path method, the earliest possible point in time on which the uncompletede portions of an activity (or the project) can finish, based on the network logic and any schedule constraints. Early finish dates can change as the project progresses and changes are made to the project plan.
Early Start Date (ES)	In the critical path method, the earliest possible point in time on which the uncompleted portinos of an activity (or the project) can start, based on the network logic and any schedule constraints. Early start dates can change as the project progresses and changes are made to the project plan.
Early Supplier Involvement (ESI)	Conceito que agrupa ações diversas (motivacionais, de infraestrutura, etc) visando participação ativa, desde as etapas iniciais do desenvolvimento, dos futuros fornecedores de partes do produto.
Earned Value (EV)	The physical work accomplished plus the authorzed budget for this work. The sum of the approved cost estimates (may inclut~de overhead allocation) for activities (or portions of activities) completed during a given period (usually project-to-date). Previously called the budgeted cost of work performed (BCWP) for an activity or group of activities.
Earned Value Management (EVM)	A method for integrating scope, schedule, and resources, and for measuring project performance. It compares the amount of work that was planned with what was actually earned with what was actually spent to determine if cost and schedule performance are as planned.
E-Business / Comércio Eletrônico	Ferramentas, métodos, conceitos e definições sobre o comércio-eletrônico, isto é, aquele realizado com o auxílio de meios eletrônicos( Ex: WEB).
Economic Value Added (EVA)	The value added to or subtracted from shareholder value during the life of a project.
Educação à Distância	Processo de prover instrução quando estudantes e instrutores estão separados pela distância física e com emprego de tecnologias de comunicação, para evitar as barreiras de distância
Education / Educação	Educação pode ser entendida como um processo de formação do indivíduo, que passa por captura de conhecimento e aprendizagem, normalmente em contextos claramente definidos, com objetivo de preparar o indivíduo a intervir nos sistemas que compõem esse contexto.
Effort	The number of labor units required to complete an activity or othe project element. Usually expressed as staff hours, staff days, or staff weeks. Should not be confused with duration.
Electronic Data Interchange (ANSI-X.12) (EDI)	is the exchange, between organizational entities, of computer processable data in a standard format. The 841 transaction is used to transfer technical data.
Electronic Data Interchange for Administration, Commerce & Transport (EDIFACT)	is the international version of EDI.
Electronic Design Automation (EDA)	Hardware and software tools to aid in the design and development of electronic products through design capture, simulation, synthesis, verification, analysis, and testing.
Electronic Design Interchange Format (EDIF)	An EIA/ANSI standard which defines the file format for communicating two-dimensional graphics and interconnection information that is used to describe the patterns for fabricating and manufacturing semiconductors and PCB/PWB's. The current version is 4.0.
Electronic Document Management, Engineering Data Management, Engineering Document Management, Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM)	São todos aqueles sistemas focados no gerenciamento de documentos podendo ou não estar relacionados à engenharia
Electronic Manufacturing Services (EMS)	third party companies that provide outsourced manufacturing of printed circuit boards or electronic assemblies
Electronic Systems Design Automation (ESDA)	graphical front-end tools that allow designers to use pictures rather than words to describe and analyze their creations. These tools can use HDL's as an interchange format rather than a design medium and allow for higher degrees of abstraction over traditional schematic capture or waveform display programs
Element	One of the parts, substances, or principles that make up a compound or complex whole.
Eletronic Document Management (EDM) / GED (Gerenciamento Eletrônico de Dados)	Em desenvolvimento de produto, a educação está relacionada com o conjunto de atividades relacionadas a ensino e treinamento dos profissionais da área. Como a abrangência do processo de desenvolvimento de produto é grande, o foco das atividades e programas de educação deve ser na integração das diferentes disciplinas envolvidas (desde marketing e estratégia tecnológica e de mercado até engenharia de produto e de processo), visando a preparação de indivíduos em habilidades gerenciais e técnicas.
Engineering Chance Management (ECM) / Gerenciamento de Modificações de Engenharia	Gerenciamento de modificações de engenharia é o processo que estabelece como as modificações de engenharia são encaminhadas, autorizadas, solucionadas, avaliadas, aprovadas e liberadas para serem introduzidas na produção (seja de protótipos como de série).
Engineering Change Management	Obs.: Em 2002, o número 1 do volume 19 o The Journal of Product Innnovation Management traz um conjunto de artigos somente sobre esse tema.
Engineering Design	A function in the product creation process where a good is configured and specific form is decided.
Engineering Model	The combination of hardware and software intended to demonstrate the simulated functioning of the intended product as currently designed
Enhanced Product	A form of derivative product. Enhanced products include additional features not previously found on the base platform which provide increased value to consumers
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)	Trata-se de uma classe de soluções computacionais que permitem gerenciar, de maneira integrada, todos os recursos de uma empresa, abrangendo desde o planejamento e controle da produção, das vendas e comercialização, o recursos financeiros, os recursos humanos e competências, entre outros. São uma evolução dos pioneiros MRP e MRPII, ou Material Requirement Planning e Material Resource Planning, ou seja, sistemas que gerenciavam as necessidades de materias e os recursos de materiais e financeiros.
Entrance Requirement	The document(s) and reviews required before any phase of the development process can be started.
Estimate	An assessment of the likely quantitative result. Usually applied to project costs and durations and should always include some indication of accuracy (e.g., ± x per cent). Usually used with a modifier (e.g., preliminary, conceptual, feasibility). Some application areas have specific modifiers that imply particular accuracy ranges (e.g., order-of-magnitude estimate, budget estimate, and definitive estimate in engineering and construction projects)
Estimate at Completion (EAC)	The expected total cost of an activity, a group of activities, or the project when the defined scope of work has been completed. Most techniques for forecasting EAC include some adjustement of the original cost estimate, based on actual project performance to date.
Estimate to Complete (ETC)	The expected additional cost needed to complete and activity, a group of activities, or the project. Most techniques for forecasting ETC include some adjustment to the original estimate, based on project perfomance to date. Also called "estimated to complete". See also earned value and estimate at completion.
Estratégia competitiva	busca de uma posição competitiva favorável em um setor. Porter, 1992
Event	Marks the point in time when a task is completed
Event Map	A chart showing important events in the future which is used to map out potential responses to probable or certain future events
Event-on-Node	A network diagramming technique in which events are represented by boxes (or nodes) connected by arrows to show the sequence in which the events are to occur. Used in the original program evaluation and review technique.
Exception Report	Document that includes only major variations from plan (rather than all variations.
Exit Requirement	The document(s) and reviews required to complete a stage of the development process
EXPRESS	Data modeling language to support STEP.
Extended Enterprise	As redes de cooperação de empresa recebem hoje várias denominações e dependento do autor essas definições mudam. Alguns autores consideram a empresa estendida como sinônimo de cadeia de suprimentos, outros, consideram que uma empresa estendida é mais ampla que uma cadeia de suprimentos, englobando parceiros no desenvolvimento de produtos, principalmente parceiros de tecnologia, que não necessariamente serão parceiros na fase de produção
Extensible Markup Language (XML) / Linguagem extensível e personalisável	Linguagem extensível e personalisável, que permite a descrição de informação de conteúdo separada das informações de layout de uma página.
Extensible Style Language (XSL)	Provê informações de apresentação (layout) de páginas para a Web. É usado juntamente com XML para especificação de páginas www.
Extranet / Extranet	An internet-based network that provides controlled access to outside parties.  Also see Intranet.
Extrusion	A manufacturing process that utilizes a softened billet of material which is forced through a shape (or die) to allow for a continuous form much like spaghetti
F	(início do glossário)
Factory Cost / Custo de Fábrica	The cost of producing the product in the production location including materials, labor and overhead
Failure in Time (FIT)	a reliability measure usually expressed in failures per 10 to the 9th power hours
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) / Análise do Tipo e Efeito de Falha (FMEA)	Failure Modes and Effects Analysis - a procedure in which each potential failure mode in every sub-item of an item is analyzed to determine its effect on other sub-items and on the required function of the item. It is used to identify potential failure modes and their associated causes/mechanisms, consider risks of these failure modes, and identify mitigating actions to reduce the probability or impact of the failure. / Segundo a NBR 5462 (1994) FMEA é um método qualitativo de análise de confiabilidade que envolve o estudo dos modos de falhas que podem existir para cada item, e a determinação dos efeitos de cada modo de falha sobre os outros itens e sobre a função específica do conjunto.
Failure Modes, Effects and Criticality Analysis (FMECA)	a procedure that is performed after a failure mode and effects analysis to classify each potential failure effect according to its severity and probability of occurrence / Para a Military Standard (MIL-STD 1629A) (1980), identifica como sendo um procedimento pelo qual cada modo de falha potencial em um sistema é analisado para determinar os resultados ou efeitos no sistema e para classificar cada modo de falha potencial de acordo com a sua severidade.
Failure Rate	The percentage of a firm's new products which make it to full market commercialization, but which fail to achieve the objectives set for them
Fast Tracking	Compressing the project schedule by overlapping activities that would normally be done in sequence, such as design and construction.
Fault Detection and Localization (FDL)	proposed IEEE standard
Fault Tree Analysis (FTA)	a top-down, hierarchical analysis of faults to identify the various fault mechanisms and their cause. / FTA é um método de análise de falhas do tipo Top-down, cuja análise inicia com um evento indesejável, como uma falha ou mal função, chamado evento de topo, a partir do qual deve ser determinado todas as maneiras de ocorrência deste evento de topo. Em outras palavras, após a identificação do evento de topo é feita a determinação de como os eventos de níveis inferiores, individuais ou combinados, causaram a falha do sistema. É uma importante técnica de análise de projeto de confiabilidade/ segurança que parte da consideração dos efeitos de falha sobre o sistema, “evento de topo” para chegar na causa que gue gerou o efeito.
Feasibility Activity	The set of product development tasks in which major unknowns are examined to produce knowledge about how to resolve or overcome them or to clarify the nature of any limitations. Sometimes called exploratory investigation
Feature	Features are elements of the product that provide a distinctive benefit to the customer and are often highlighted in describing the benefits of the product to the customer. Features are geometric entities that have meaning in the definition and manufacture of a product. Examples of features are through-holes, bosses, bends, chamfers, slots, etc.
Features Technology (FT)	a variation of group technology with a focus on coding and classifying based on part features.
Ferramentas de Automação de Escritório	São aquelas ferramentas de uso diário de todos os usuários de escritório, normalmente componentes de suítes como MS-Office, contendo, editor de textos, planilhas eletrônicas e editor de figuras / apresentações
Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA)	a high density programmable logic device
Field Replaceable Unit (FRU)	A collection of hardware or software that is installed or removed from a product as a single serviceable entity. The composition of product FRU's is determined by the integrated product team
Field Testing	Product use testing with users from the target market
Fillet	A manufacturing feature that blends two surfaces together.
Financial Success	The extent to which a new product meets its profit, margin, and return on investment goals
Fine Pitch Technology (FPT)	related to surface mount
Finish Date	A point in time associated with an activitys completion. Usually qualified by one of the following: actual, planned, estimated, scheduled, early, late, baseline, target, or current.
Finish -to-Star (FS)	See Logical relationship
Finish-to-Finish (FF)	See Logical relationship
Finite Element Analysis (FEA)	A computer-based method that breaks geometry into elements and links a series of equations to each, which are then solved simultaneously to evaluate the behavior of the entire system. Most often used for structural analysis, but widely applicable for other types of analysis and simulation, including thermal, fluid, and electromagnetic
Finite Element Model (FEM)	The process of setting up a model to be analyzed with the finite-element method, typically done grapahically with geometry.
Firm Fixed-Price Contract (FFP)	A type of contract where the buyer pays the seller a set amount (as defined by the contract), regardless of the sellers costs.
Firm-level Success	The aggregate impact of the firm's proficiency at developing and commercializing new products. Several different specific measures may be used to estimate performance
First-to-Market	The first product that creates a new product category or a substantial subdivision of a category
Fixed-Price Contract	See Firm Fixed-Price contract
Fixed-Price-Incentive-Fee Contract (FPIF)	A type of contract where the buyer pays the seller a set amount (as defined by the contract), and the seller can earn an additional amount if it meets defined performance criteria.
Fixture	Tooling designed to locate and hold components in position
Flexible Gate	A permissive or permeable gate in a stage-gate process that is less rigid than the traditional "go-stop-recycle" gate. Flexible gates are useful in shortening time-to-market. A permissive gate is one where the next stage is authorized although some work in the almost-completed stage has not yet been finished. A permeable gate is one where some work in a subsequent stage is authorized before a substantial amount of work in the prior stage is completed
Flip Chip	Process for mounting an IC chip with metalization down and with no bonding wires
Float	The amount of time that an activity may be delayed from its early start without delaying the project finish date. Float is a mathematical calculation, and can change as the project progresses and changes are made to the project plan. Also called slack, total float, and path float. See also free float.
Focus Groups	A qualitative market research technique where 8 to 12 market participants are gathered in one room for a discussion under the leadership of a trained moderator. Discussion focuses on a consumer problem, product or potential solution to a problem. The results of these discussions are not projectable to the general market
Forecast Final Cost	See estimate at completion.
Formal Verification	The application of rigorous mathematical techniques to prove the functional equivalence of a hardware design with its original specification. Because timing is not included in formal verification, it is used only to verify a design's functional behavior. It is a collective term used for a number of different tools and methodologies
Fornecedor	empresas que provêem peças ou serviços necessáiros para a fabricação ou desenvolvimento do produto. Os fornecedores são classificados em: Parceiros Estratégicos, Parceiros de Design e Fornecedores de Commodities.
Forward Pass	The calculation of the early start and early finish dates for the uncompleted portions of all network activities. See also network analysis and backward pass.
Fragnet	See subnet
Framework	A software infrastructure that provides a common environment for communication and integration of design tools in a design process
Free Float (FF)	The amount of time that an activity can be delayed without delaying the early start of any immediately following activities. See also float.
Full Scan	A design for testability methodology that provides complete access to an integrated circuit. EDA tools can insert scan registers automatically during logic synthesis.
Function	An abstracted description of work that the product must perform to meet customer needs (sometimes stated in a noun-verb format, e.g., "transmit data")
Function Analysis System Technique (FAST)	Function Analysis System Technique is a value analysis or function analysis technique to describe a system or product as a series of logically related functions and associate those functions to costs. This technique identifies less importnat functions that may then be eliminated, thereby reducing costs
Functional Elements	The individual operations that a product performs. These elements are often used to describe a product schematically
Functional Organization	An organization structure in which staff are grouped hierarchically by specialty (e.g., production, marketing, engineering, and accounting at the top level; with engineering, further divided into mechanical, electrical, and others).
Functional Pipeline Management	Optimizing the flow of projects through all functional areas in the context of the company's priorities
Functional Schematic	A schematic drawing that is made up of all of the functional elements in a product. It shows the product's functions as well as how material, energy and signal flows through the product
Functional Testing	Testing either an element of or the complete product to determine whether it will function as planned and as actually used when sold
Fuzzy Front End	The is the process for determining customer needs or market opportunities, generating ideas for new products, conducting necessary research on the needs, developing product concepts, and evaluating product concepts up to the point that a decision is made to proceed with development. This process is described as the fuzzy front end because it is the least defined and most unstructured part of product development.
G	(início do glossário)
Gantt Chart	A horizontal bar chart used in project scheduling that shows the start date, end date and duration of tasks within the project. Sometimes used in conjunction with a network diagram
Gap Analysis	The difference between projected outcomes and desired outcomes. In product development, the gap is frequently measured as the difference between expected and desired revenues or profits from currently-planned new products if the corporation is to meet its objectives
Garage Bill Scheduling:	A scheduling tool that details every task, no matter how small, that must be completed to achieve a deliverable
Gate	The decision point, often a meeting, at which a management decision is made to allow the product development project to proceed to the next stage, to recycle back into the current stage to better complete some of the tasks, or to terminate. The number of gates varies by company
Gatekeepers	The group of managers who serve as advisors, decision-makers and resource allocators in a stage-gate process. They use established criteria to review product development projects at each gate. This multifunctional group is generally most visible at these gate meetings.
GenCAM	A product data exchange format standard for electronics manufacturing that characterizes, sorts and organizes data into intelligent schemes. This standard is represented in IPC-2511, Generic Requirements for Implementation of Product Manufacturing Description Data and Transfer Methodology.
General Availability (GA)	The point in the product life cycle when production has been ramped-up to sufficient volumes and when product issues have been resolved so that the product is made available to all interested customers.
Geometric and Dimensioning Tolerancing (G&DT)	ANSI-Y14.5 standard for showing the dimensioning and tolerancing on a drawing considering the functions or relationships of part features.
Geometric and Dimensioning Tolerancing (G&DT)	Trata das normas, padrões e técnicas para o dimensionamento das tolerâncias geométricas e dimensionais em peças a serem manufaturadas.
Grade	A category or rank used to distinguish items that have the same functional use (e.g., “hammer”), but do not share the same requirements for quality (e.g., different hammers may need to withstand different amounts of force).
Graphical Evaluation and Review Technique (GERT)	A network analysis technique that allows for conditional and probabilistic treatment of logical relationships (i.e., some activities may not be performed.)
Graphical User Interface (GUI)	an interface to a computer that uses icons to represent desktop objects, such as documents and programs, that the user can access and manipulate with a pointing device, such as a mouse.
Gross Rating Points (GRP's)	A measure of the overall advertising exposure of consumer households
Group Technology (GT)	A coding and classification system to identify similarities in part geometry, features, characteristics and processes. Its is used to aid in design retrieval, part standardization, manufacturing cell design, and production scheduling. / rata-se da aplicação de sistemas de codificação e classificação para a identificação de similaridades nas características e processos de fabricação de peças. Esta tecnologia permite obter melhorias de produtividade e racionalização em uma ampla gama de áreas, tais como: para melhorar o planejamento dos processos de fabricação, melhoria de laioute de fábricas, melhoria do planejamento e controle da produção e, em especial, na utilização de um tipo de manufatura denominado celular, amplamente empregado em vários setores produtivos.
Group Technology (GT)	Group Technology - a coding and classification system to identify similarities in part geometry, features, characteristics and processes. Its is used to aid in design retrieval, part standardization, manufacturing cell design, and production scheduling.
Growth Stage	The second stage of the product life cycle. This stage is marked by a rapid surge in sales, market acceptance and overall opportunity for the good or service
H	(início do glossário)
Hammock	An aggregate or summary activity (a group of related activities is shown as one and reported at a summary level).
Hardware Description Language (HDL)	a language that describes the physical design, electronic behavior, logical structure, and system annotation information for circuits. An HDL allows a design to be described in a higher level of abstraction while supporting a logical synthesis path to gate-level implementation.
Harmonization of Product Data Standards (HPS)	An organization sponsored by ANSI to oversee and coordinate the harmonization of electrical/electronic data standards.
Hurdle Rate	The minimum return on investment or internal rate of return percentage a new product must meet or exceed as it goes through development
HyperText Markup Language (HTML)	the mark-up language used as the basis for the world-wide web. / Linguagem utilizada na produção de páginas de Web. HTML permite a criação de documentos que podem ser lidos em navegadores (browsers). HTML permite a criação de documentos com ligações de hipertexto.
I	(início do glossário)
IDDQ	IDDQ tests certain kinds of manufacturing defects such as a short circuit that makes a device draw excessive current. They measure device current when a specific set of test vectors is applied, and devices over a threshold current level can be rejected during test.
Idea Exchange	A divergent thinking technique that provides a structure for building on different ideas in a quiet, non-judgmental setting that encourages reflection
Idea Generation	All of those activities and processes that lead to creating new product or service ideas that may warrant development
Idea Merit Index	An internal metric used to impartially rank new product ideas
Ideation	Ideation is the idea generation phase or stage of new product development. These ideas came come from internal sources such as Marketing or Engineering as well as external sources such as customers, suppliers, retailers or consultants.
IDEF 1X	IDEF Semantic Modeling
IDEF0	IDEF Functional Modeling
IDEF1	IDEF Information Modeling
Imersão	A idéia de imersão está ligada com o sentimento de se estar dentro do ambiente. Normalmente, um sistema imersivo é obtido com o uso de capacete de visualização, mas existem também sistemas imersivos baseados em salas com projeções das visões nas paredes, teto, e piso. Além do fator visual, os dispositivos ligados com os outros sentidos também são importantes para o sentimento de imersão, como som, posicionamento automático da pessoa e dos movimentos da cabeça, controles reativos, etc. A visualização tridimensional através de monitor é considerada não imersiva.
Implementation Team	A team which converts the concepts and good intentions of the "should-be" process into practical reality
Incremental Improvement	A small change made to an existing product that serves to keep the product fresh in the eyes of customers
Industrial Design (ID)	The professional service of creating and developing concepts and specifications that optimize the function, value, and appearance of products and systems for the mutual benefit of both user and manufacturer [Industrial Design Society of America].
Information / Informação	Knowledge and insight, often gained by examining data
Information Distribution	Making needed information available to project stakeholders in a timely manner.
Information Modeling	The objective of all data and information modeling is to describe a Universe of Discourse (UoD). In most information models, the representation of the UoD consists of the creation of a structure of elements and connections, in a manner that allows the accurate expression of the user's (or some expert's) conception of some relevant portion of the world. The task of information modeling is to provide a sound basis for mapping between the portion of the world of interest and a representation of it that can be used as a specification for defining a database and/or applications.
Information Systems / Sistemas de Informação	Sistemas, hoje em dia baseados em computadores, que auxiliam as organizações a automatizarem seus processos na busca pela melhoria de sua eficiência.
Information Technology (IT) / Tecnologia da Informação (TI)	Conjunto de infra-estrutura, ferramentas (hardware e software), técnicas e métodos que, usados em organizações, pode auxiliar na melhoria de operações rotineiras e estratégicas.
Infovia	Canais de comunicações projetados para transporte de informação. É um termo cunhado em analogia às rodovias (para tráfego de carros) e ferrovias (para tráfego de trens).
Initial Graphics Exchange Specification (IGES)	Neutral file format used to exchange vector and text data among CAD systems.
Initial Screening	The first decision to spend resources (time or money) on a project. The project is born at this point. Sometimes called "idea screening."
Initiation	Authorising the project or phase.
Injection Molding	A process that utilizes melted plastics injected into steel or aluminum molds which ultimately result in finished production parts
Innovation / Inovação	A new idea, method or device. The act of creating a new product or process. The act includes invention as well as the work required to bring an idea or concept into final form.
Innovation Engine	The creative activity and people that actually think of new ideas. It represents the synthesis phase when someone first recognizes that customer and market opportunities can be translated into new product ideas
Innovative Problem	Solving: Methods that combine rigorous problem definition, pattern-breaking generation of ideas, and action planning which results in new, unique, and unexpected solutions
Integração heterogênea	É quando vários sistemas que trabalham com bases de dados distintas trabalham de forma integrada, compartilhando os seus dados
Integração homogênea	É quando vários sistemas trabalham de forma integrada utilizando a mesma base de dados
Integral Architecture	A product architecture in which most or all of the functional elements map into a single or very small number of chunks. It is difficult to subdivide an integrally-designed product into partially-functioning components
Integrated Change Control	Coordinating changes across the entire project.
Integrated Cost/Schedule	See earned value
Integrated Definition Language (IDEF)	formerly ICAM Definition Methodology
Integrated Product Development (IPD)	(synonymous with CE, CPD, IPPD, etc.) - a philosophy that sytematically employs a teaming of functional disciplines to integrate and concurrently apply all necessary processes to produce an effective and efficient product that satisfies the customers needs.
Integrated Product Team (IPT)	A cross-functional team consisting of representatives from marketing, engineering, manufacturing, finance. purchasing, test, quality, finance and any other required disciplines with responsibility for developing a product or product subsystem. This team is empowered to represent the functional discipl;ines and develop a product by addressing its life cycle requirements including its product and support.
Integration / Integração	A palavra integração pode significar tanto o processo de integração, como o seu resultado. Apresenta-se aqui a definição de integração, como resultado de um processo de integração. Integrar é obter uma operação mais eficaz dos processos de negócio de uma empresas e entre eles, compreendendo as pessoas, máquinas e informação, de acordo com os objetivos da empresa. Facilitar o acesso a informação, o controle e fluxo de material, conectando todas as funções e entidades funcionais heterogêneas. Com isso melhora a comunicação, cooperação e coordenação dentro da empresa.
Intellectual Property (IP)	Proprietary knowledge, design information, or other intangible information or representations that have value to an organization or individual. In electronic system design, this is design information (e.g., cells, cores, etc.) packaged for re-use whose ownership must be addressed before it can be used.
Interation / Interação	A idéia de interação está ligada com a capacidade do computador detectar as entradas do usuário e modificar instantaneamente o mundo virtual e as ações sobre ele (capacidade reativa).
Interference Checking	The process of identifying if and where two or more geometric objects intersect in either a static or dynamic state.
Internal Rate of Return (IRR)	The discount rate at which the present value of the future cash flows of an investment equals the cost of the investment. The discount rate with a net present value of 0
International Standards Organization (ISO)	ISO-9000: A set of 5 auditable standards of the International Standards Organization that establishes the role of a quality system in a company and which is used to assess whether the company can be certified as compliant to the standards. ISO-9001 deals specifically with new products.
Internet / Internet	A melhor demonstração real do que é uma auto-estrada da informação. A Internet é uma imensa rede de redes que se estende por todo o planeta e praticamente todos os países. Os meios de ligação dos computadores desta rede são variados, indo desde radio, linhas telefônicas, ISDN, linhas digitais, satélite, fibras-ópticas, etc. Criada em 1969 pelo Departamento de Defesa dos EUA (DoD) como um projeto pioneiro de constituição de uma rede capaz de sobreviver a ataques nucleares, foi-se expandindo até chegar ao tamanho e importância que hoje.
InterTool Communications (ITC)	- part of the CFI standards that enable applications to communicate events and data to each other at run time. ITC is the basis for achieving operations such as cross highlighting logic in both the front end schematic capture and board layout tools.
Intranet / Intranet	A private network within an organization that uses the same technologies as the Internet (TCP/IP, HTTP, HTML and browsers) to provide the capabilities to create, publish and access information for that organization's users
Introduction Stage	The first stage of a product's commercial launch and the product life cycle. This stage is generally seen as the point of market entry, user trial, and product adoption
Investment Analysis	Conceitos e técnicas de matemática financeira e custeio que permitem avaliar um determinado investimento e suportar a decisão de realizá-lo ou não . No caso do desenvolvimento de produto trata da avaliação da viabilidade econômica do projeto a ser desenvo
Invitation for Bid (IFB)	Generally, this term is equivalent to request for proposal. However, in some application areas, it may have a narrower or more specific meaning.
IPO	IGES/PDES Organization
J	(início do glossário)
Java	A programming language developed by Sun Microsystems that can be run as a virtual machine on many computer platforms. Many applications such as product data management (PDM) and enterprise resource planning (ERP) are being re-architected to run certain processes using Java to make them widely available regardless of a user's platform.
Joint Test Action Group (JTAG)	the informal name for IEEE/ANSI Standard 1149.1-1990 which is a set of design rules for testing at the IC level
K	(início do glossário)
Key Event Schedule	See master schedule
Knowledge Management (KM ) / Gestão do Conhecimento	Conjunto de princípios e práticas que caracterizam a habilidade da organização, de forma consistente, criar novos conhecimentos, disseminá-los e incorporá-los em novos produtos e processos. O conhecimento é visto como um ativo corporativo que deve ser gerido como outros ativos mais tangíveis, por meio da definição de princípios, processos e infra-estrutura
L	(início do glossário)
Lag	A modification of a logical relationship that directs a delay in the successor task. For example, in a finish-to-start dependency with a ten-day lag, the successor activity cannot start until ten days after the predecessor has finished. See also lead.
Late Finish Date (LF)	In the critical path method, the latest possible point in time that an activity may be completed without delaying a specified milestone (usually the project finish date).
Late Start Date (LS)	In the critical path method, the latest possible point in time that an activity may begin without delaying a specified milestone (usually the project finish date).
Launch	The process by which a new product is introduced into the market for initial sale
Lead	A modification of a logical relationship that allows an acceleration of the successor task. For example, in a finish-to-start dependency with a ten-day lead, the successor activity can start ten days before the predecessor has finished. See also lag.
Lead Customers	Lead customers are those customers who are the most advanced users of the product, customers who are pushing the product to its limits, or customers who are adapting an existing product(s) to new uses.
Lead Users	Users for whom finding a solution to one of their consumer needs is so important that they have modified a current product or invented a new product to solve the need themselves because they have not found a supplier who can solve it for them. When these consumers' needs are portents of needs that the center of the market will have in the future, their solutions are new product opportunities
Leaded Chip Carrier (LCC)	a square chip carrier with pins on all four sides.
Lean Development	O conceito lean de desenvolvimento de produtos orienta a projetar bons produtos rapidamente com baixos custos e a desenvolver fluxos de valor operacionais rentáveis. Orienta a identificação dos principais desperdícios envolvidos nos projetos de desenvolvimento tradicionais. O modelo proposto é o de "Aprendizado Emergente" da Toyota: a mesma filosofia aplicada à fábrica é usada no desenvolvimento de produtos e dos processos dos quais resultarão. Os cinco elementos do Sistema Lean de Desenvolvimento são: Foco na criação de fluxos de valor rentáveis; Liderança empreendedora sistêmica; Cadência, fluxo contínuo e puxado; Times de especialistas responsáveis; Engenharia simultânea baseada em conjuntos de possíveis soluções.
Lessons Learned	The learning gained from the process of performing the project. Lessons learned may be identified at any point. Also considered a project record.
Level of Detail (LOD)	the ability to vary the amount of details displayed in a graphics image to improve performance. For instance, at a distance, models can appear as simple 3D figures, but as users zoom in, a more detailed representation is presented.
Level of Effort (LOE)	Support-type activity (e.g., vendor or customer liaison) that does not readily lend itself to measurement of discrete accomplishment. It is generally characterised by a uniform rate of activity over a period of time determined by the activities it supports.
Leveling	See Resource Leveling.
Life Cycle / Ciclo de Vida	Ciclo de vida é todo o período compreendido desde a concepção de um produto até sua obsolescência passando pelas etapas de projeto e produção
Life-Cycle Costing	The concept of including acquisition, operating, and disposal costs when evaluating various alternatives.
Line Extension	A form of derivative product that adds or modifies features without significantly changing the price
Line Manager	1) The manager of any group that actually makes a product or performs a service. 2) a Functional Manager
Line Replaceable Unit Lowest Replaceable (LRU)	see Field Replaceable Unit / Ver Field Replaceable Unit
Link	See Logical Relationship
Lista de Recursos Necessários	documento ou conjunto de documentos que descrimina o pessoal e os recursos materiais necessários para a execução do projeto
Logic	See Network Logic
Logic Diagram	See Project Network Diagram
Logical Relationship	A dependency between two activities, or between a project activity and a milestone. See also precedence relationship. The four possible types of logical relationships are: Finish-to start – the initiation of work of the successor depends upon the completion of work of the predecessor; Finish-to-finish – the completion of the work of the successor cannot finish until the completion of work of the predecessor; Start-to-start – the initiation of work of the successor depends upon the initiation of the work of the predecessor; Start-to-finish – the completion of the successor is dependent upon the initiation of the predecessor.
Long-term Success	The new product's performance in the long run or at some large fraction of the product's life cycle
Loop	A network path that passes the same node twice. Loops cannot be analysed using traditional network analysis technique such as critical path method and program evaluation and review technique. Loops are allowed in graphical evaluation and review technique.
M	(início do glossário)
M Curve	An illustration of the volume of ideas generated over a given amount of time. The illustration often looks like two arches from the letter M
Maintenance Activity	That set of product development tasks aimed at solving initial market and user problems with the new product or service
Manufacturability	The extent to which a new product can be easily and effectively manufactured at minimum cost and with maximum reliability
Manufacturing Assembly Procedure	Procedural documents normally prepared by manufacturing personnel that describe how a component, subassembly or system will be put together to create a final product.
Manufacturing Design	The process of determining the manufacturing process that will be used to make a new product
Manufacturing Test Specification and Procedure	Documents prepared by development and manufacturing personnel that describe the performance specifications of a component, subassembly or system that will be met during the manufacturing process, and that describe the procedure by which the specification will be assessed
Market Conditions	The characteristics of the market into which a new product will be placed, including the number of competing products, level of competitiveness, and growth rate
Market Development	Taking current products to new consumers or users. This effort may involve making some product modifications
Market Segmentation	The act of dividing an overall market into groups of consumers with similar needs, where each of the groups differs from others in the market in some way
Market Share	A company's sales in a product area as a percent of the total market sales in that area
Market Testing	The product development stage when the new product and its marketing plan are tested together. A market test simulates the eventual marketing mix and takes many different forms, only one of which bears the name test market
Market-Driven	Allowing the marketplace to direct a firm's product innovation efforts
Master Schedule	A summary-level schedule that identifies the major activities and key milestones. See also Milestone Schedule.
Material Resource Planning (MRP)	MRP atende as necessidades de informação referentes ao cálculo da necessidade de materiais, deu origem ao ERP
Material Review Board (MRB)	a group that meets periodically within a company to review non-conforming materials and products to determine their disposition and use.
Mathematical Analysis	See Network Analysis
Mating Part	A general reference to one of two parts which join together
Matrix Converger	A convergent thinking tool that uses a matrix to help synthesize data into key concepts with numbered ratings
Matrix Organization	Any organizational structure in which the project manager shares responsibility with the functional managers for assigning priorities and for directing the work of individuals assigned to the project.
Maturity Stage	The third stage of the product life cycle. This is the stage where sales begin to level due to heavy competition, alternative product options or changing buyer or user preferences
Mean Time Between Failure (MTBF)	- the average time between failures for a repairable product for a defined unit of measure (e.g., operating hours, cycles, miles, etc.).
Methods	System of methodical rules that determine classes of possible procedures and actions that are likely to lead on a planned path to the accomplishment of a desired aim
Methods-Time-Motion (MTM)	a methodology for developing time standards
Metodologia Taguchi	Metodologia de planejamento e análise de experimento para a melhoria da qualidade de produto e processo.
Metrics	A prescribed set of measurements to track product development and allow a firm to measure the impact of process improvements over time. These measures generally vary by firm, but may include measures characterizing both aspects of the process, such as time to market, and duration of particular process stages, as well as outcomes from product development such as the number of products commercialized per year and percentage of sales due to new products
Microwave Monolithic Integrated Circuit (MMIC)	device in which active elements such as transistors and diodes are combined with passive elements such as resistors, capacitors, inductors and transmission lines on a single GaAS substrate. These circuits replace conventional chips and wire in microwave circuits and are used as amplifiers, attenuators or switches at microwave/millimeter wave frequencies with the benefits of reduced size, lower costs and improved reliability.
Milestone	A significant event in the project, usually completion of a major deliverable.
Milestone Schedule	A summary-level schedule that identifies the major milestones. /see also Master Schedule.
Mitigation	See Risk Mitigation
Mockup	A full-size model of something large that has not yet been built which shows how it will look or operate
Modelo de Documento	documento que serve de modelo para a criação de um tipo específico de documento. Pode ser em papel ou arquivo eletrônico
Modular Architecture	A product architecture in which each functional element maps into its own physical chunk. Different chunks perform different functions
Monitoring	The capture, analysis, and reporting of project performance, usually as compared to plan.
Monitoring Frequency	The frequency with which performance indicators are measured
Monte Carlo Analysis	A technique that performs a project simulation many times to calculate a distribution of likely results. See Simulation.
Multicast	Técnica de transmissão que usa um endereço único para uma coleção específica de nós numa rede. É útil para aplicações como teleconferência e vídeo-sob-demanda.
Multi-Chip Module (MCM)	a type of hybrid integrated circuit in which multiple bare chips are mounted and interconnected on a substrate, base material or laminate.
Multifunctional Team	A group of individuals brought together from more than one functional area of a business to work on a problem or process which requires the knowledge, training and capabilities across the areas to successfully complete the work
N	(início do glossário)
Near-Critical Activity	An activity that has low total float.
Needs Statement	Summary of consumer needs and wants, described in customer terms, to be addressed by a new product
Net Present Value (NPV)	Method used in comparably evaluating investments in very dissimilar projects by discounting the current and projected future cash inflows and outflows back to the present value based on the discount rate, or cost of capital, of the firm
Net Shape / forma final	p.ex. forging Net Shape = forjamento na forma final
Network	See Project Network Diagram.
Network Analysis	The process of identifying early and late start and finish dates for the uncompleted portions of project activities. See also Critical Path Method, Program Evaluation and Review Technique, and Graphical Evaluation and review technique.
Network Diagram	A graphical diagram with boxes connected by lines that shows the sequence of development activities and the interrelationship of each task with another. Often used in conjunction with a Gantt chart
Network Logic	The collection fo activity dependencies that makes up a project Network Diagram
Network Path	Any continuous series of connected activities in a project network diagram.
New Product	A term of many opinions and practices, but most generally defined as a product (either a good or service) new to the firm marketing it. Excludes products that are only changed in promotion
New Product Idea	A preliminary plan or purpose of action for formulating new products or services
Nominal Group Process	A process which allows members of a group to participate in group discussion in writing instead of verbally
Nominal Group Technique (NGT)	Nominal Group Technique, similar to brainstorming, is used by teams to generate ideas on a particular subject. Team members are asked to silently write down as many ideas as possible. Each member is then asked in turn to share one idea which is recorded. After all ideas are recorded, they are discussed and prioritized by the group.
Non-Product Advantage	Elements of the marketing mix which create competitive advantage other than the product itself. These elements can include marketing communications, distribution, company reputation, technical support and associated services
Non-Uniform Rational B-Spline (NURBS)	method of representing curves and surfaces in CAD system using B-splines and algorithms to represent any complex curve or surface as a single equation by breaking them up into many pieces.
Note	One of the defining points of a network; a junction point joined to some or all of the other dependency lines. See also Arrow Diagramming Method ad Precedence Diagramming Method
Numerical Control (NC) / Controle Numérico (CN)	creation or modification of manufacturing control data, plans, or operations. Sometimes refers more specifically to the programming of numerical controlled machines
O	(início do glossário)
Object-Oriented (OO) / Orientação a Objetos (OO)	É um meio para se descrever os sistemas do mundo real. Um objeto representa uma abstração de uma entidade do mundo real, combinando, em um mesmo elemento informação e comportamento. Os paradigmas anteriores do desenvolvimento de software ligavam apenas fracamente a informação e o comportamento. A orientação a objetos conduz a uma união mais bem definida destes dois conceitos.
Object-Oriented Data Base (OODB) / Base de Dados Orientados a Objetos (BDOO)	Estruturas complexas armazenando não somente a estrutura de dados, mas também seu comportamento, são mais adequados para o tratamento de objetos complexos (textos, gráficos, imagens) e dinâmicos (programas, simulações).
On-Line Analitical Processing (OLAP) / Processo Analítico On-Line	é uma ferramenta utilizada pelos usuários finais para análise dos dados extraídos do Data Warehouse (principalmente dados dimensionais).
On-Line Transaction Processing (OLTP) / Processamento de transações On-Line	consiste no processamento de transações de um banco de dados, sendo que este processamento é feito em tempo real
Operations	A term that includes manufacturing but is much broader, usually including procurement, physical distribution and for services, management of the offices or other areas where the services are provided
Operator's Manual	The written instructions to the users of a product or process. These may be intended for the ultimate customer or for the use of the manufacturing operation
Order-of-Magnitude Estimate	See Estimate
Organização	termo genérico que designa empresas, entidades, instituições e governos