Glossário

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

A	(início do glossário)
Accidental Discovery	New designs, ideas, and developments different from that originally hoped for from research.
Accountability Matrix	See responsibility assignment matrix.
ACIS	A solid modeling engine or kernal used in a number of CAD systems. Having a common solids modeling engine allows more ready interchange of data between different CAD systems.
ACIS SAT	A file format for 3D solid geometry created by systems using the ACIS solids modeling engine.
Activity	An element of work perfomed during the course of a project. An activity normally has an expected duration, an expected cost, and expected resource requirements. Ctivities can be subdivided into tasks.
Activity Based Costing (ABC) / Custeio Baseado em Atividades (ABC)	A costing and analysis method that associates resources and their costs to activities and then associates the costs of activities to cost objects (e.g., a product) based on a cost drivers which measure use of an activity by the cost object. / Um motor ou um kernal modelando contínuo usado em um número de Sistemas de CAD. Tendo os sólidos comuns que modelam o motor Permitem um intercâmbio mais pronto dos dados entre sistemas de CAD diferentes.
Activity Definition	Identifying the specific activities that must be performed to produce the various project deliverables.
Activity Description (AD)	A short phrse or label used in a project network diagram. The activity description normally describes the scope of work of the activity.
Activity Duration Estimating	Estimating the number of work periods that will be needed to complete individual activities
Activity Sequencing	Identifying and documenting interactivity logical relationships. (início do glossário)
Activity-on-Arrow (AOA)	See arrow diagramming method.
Activity-on-Node (AON)	See precedence diagramming method.
Actual Cost (AC)	Total costs incurred that must relate to whatever cost was budgeted within the planned value and earned value (which can sometimes be direct labor hours aloone, direct costs alone including indirect costs) in accomplishing work during a given time period. See also earned value.
Actual Cost of Work Performed (ACWP)	This term has been replaced with the term actual cost.
Actual Finish Date (AF)	The point in time that work actually ended on an activity. (Note: in some application areas, the activity is considered "finished" when work is "substantially complete".).
Actual Start Date (AS)	The point in time that work actually started on an activity.
Adminstrative Closure	Generating, gatherin, and disseminating information to formatize phase or project completion.
Advance Quality Planning (AQP)	An assessment at the start of product development to identify problems with other similar products so that preventative steps or counter-measures can be taken with the new product.
Affinity Diagram	Affinity diagrams or charts are a simple way for a group to cluster qualitative data and come up with a consensus view on a subject. It is often used with QFD to sort and organize the large amount of customer needs data. In this instance, statements of customer needs are written on cards or post-its.  The cards or post-its are logically organized by the group and the group develops headings under which to cluster these needs. The cards or post-its are moved to the appropriate group headings.
Affordability	The characteristic of a product with a selling price that that is no more than its functional worth to a customer and is within the customer's ability to pay.
Algorithm of Inventive Problem Solving (ARIZ)	Russian acronym for Algorithm of Inventive Problem Solving (see TIPS).
Alpha Test	In-house testing of pre-production products to find and eliminate the most obvious design defects or deficiencies, either in a laboratory setting or in some part of the developing firm's regular operations. See also beta test.
Ambiente Virtual	Ambiente sintético desenvolvido em computador para simular tanto um ambiente imaginário quanto um ambiente real.
Análise SWOT	uma metodologia para análise de cenários em planejamento estratégico que considera as forças, fraquezas, ameaças e oportunidades da empresa.
Analog Hardware Description Language (AHDL)	Analog Hardware Description Language (IEEE standard 1076.1) - describes the physical design, electronic behavior, logical structure and system annotation information for analog circuits.
Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP)	A decision making tool for complex, multi-criteria problems where both qualitative and quantitative aspects of a problem need to be incorporated. AHP clusters the decision elements according to their common characteristics into a hierarchical structure similar to a family tree. It involves building a hierarchy (Ranking) of decision elements and then making comparisons between each possible pair in each cluster (as a matrix). This gives a weighting for each element within a cluster (or level of the hierarchy) and also a consistency ratio (useful for checking the consistency of the data). By reducing complex decisions to a series of simple comparisons and rankings, then synthesizing the results, AHP helps arrive at the best decision and also provides a clear rationale for the choice made. The Analytical Hierarchy Process Model was designed by TL Saaty as a decision making aid.
Anticipatory Failure Determination (AFD)	Is a failure analysis method. Like FMEA, it has the objective of identifying and mitigating failures. Rather than asking developers to look for a cause of a failure mode, it reverses the problem by asking developers to view the failure of interest as the intended consequence and try to devise ways to assure that the failure always happens reliably. This viewpoint then facilitates better identifying steps to avoid the failure.
Application Activity Model (AAM)	Application Activity Model (STEP) - A formal functional description of the processes in a defined application context. The AAM includes definition of those data items which act as inputs, controls, outputs, and mechanisms on those processes. The purpose of these representations are 1.) to obtain an understanding and agreement of the application process, and 2.) for data discovery.
Application Area	A category of projects that have common elements not present in all projects. Application areas are usually defined in terms of either the product of the project (i.e., by similar technologies or industri sectors) or the type of customer (e.g., internal versus external, government versus commercial) Application areas often overlap.
Application Protocol Interface - Application Programming Interface (API)	1. Application Protocol Interface 2. Application Programming Interface - the standard set of functions provided by a program or operating system to allow for integration of other software. Two programs linked via an API can both be altered and still work together so long as both conform to the API.
Application Protocols (AP)	These specify implementable STEP data constructs for communicating informa-tion in a defined application context. It defines the context for the use of product data and specifies the use of the base standard in that context to satisfy an industrial need. AP's are Parts in the 200 series of the STEP standard.
Application Reference Model (ARM)	Application Reference Model (STEP) - An information model that formally describes the information requirements and constraints for an application area. The information model uses application-specific terminology and rules familiar to an expert from the application area. The model is independent of any physical implementation and must be validated by experts from the application area.
Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC)	Application Specific Integrated Circuit - a semi-custom chip used in a specific application that is design by integrating standard cells from a library.
Application Specific Standard Part (ASSP)	Application Specific Standard Part - a chip that is originally designed as an ASIC and is later released for general use.
Apportionment	The assignment of goals such as reliability from system to subsystem in such a way that the whole system will meet the required goal.
Architecture / Arquitetura	See "product architecture." / Ver "Arquitetura de Produto".
Arrow	The graphic presentation of an activity. See also arrow diagramming method.
Arrow Diagramming Method (ADM)	A network diagramming technique in which activities are represented by arrows. The tail of the arrow represents the start, and the head represents the finish of the activity (the length of the arrow does not represent the expected duration of the activity). Activities are connected at points called nodes (usually drawn as smal circles) to illustrate the sequence in which the activities are expected to be performed. See also precedence dagramming method.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) / Inteligência Artificial (IA)	É o estudo de aparelhos e sistemas computacionais feitos pelo homem que podem agir de uma maneira que nos levaria a qualificar como inteligente. Esta definição incorpora o aprendizado e a adaptabilidade como características gerais da inteligência.
As-Is Map	A version of a process map depicting how an existing process actually operates. This may differ substantially from documented guidelines.
As-of Date	See data date.
Associativity	A link between two different functions in a CAD system that assures that a change made in one area is reflected in all other areas. For example, a change to a solid model will be reflected in its drawing and related CAM program. Bi-directional associativity indicates that updates happen in both directions between functions. For example, a change to a drawing will be reflected in its solids model.
Assumptions	Assumptions are factor that, for planning purposes, are considered to be true, real or certain. Assumptions affect all aspects of project planning, and are part of the progressive elaboration of the project. Project teams frequently identify, document, and validate assumptions as part of their planning process. Assumptions generally involve a degree of risk.
Assumptions Analysis	A technique that explores the assumptions accuracy and identifies risks to the project from inaccuracy, inconsistency, or incompleteness of assumptions.
Autentificação	Técnicas utilizadas em computação para a checagem de propriedade de determinada informação. Em redes, evita que pacotes maliciosos de fontes fictícias sejam manipuladas pelos receptores.
Automatic Test Pattern Generation (ATPG)	Automatic Test Pattern Generation - a software tool that utilizes lists of faults and a model of the circuit to analyze the logical and topical nature of the circuit in order to create test vectors for each fault.
Availability	The characteristic of the product that defines the percentage of time that a product is available and operational for customer use.
Avaliação do Desempenho Financeiro	documentos ou conjunto de documentos que sumarizam o desempenho da empresa em termos financeiros, tais como: lucro líquido, etc…
Avaliação do Desempenho no Mercado	documentos ou conjunto de documentos que sumarizam o resultado da empresa no mercado, tais como: fatia, valor total do mercado, tendências, avaliações de preferências dos consumidores.
Avaliação do Desempenho Operacional	documentos ou conjunto de documentos que sumarizam o desempenho dos processos de negócio da empresa, vendas, tempo de atendimento, número de clientes, tamanho da força de vendas, etc...
Awareness	A measure of the percent of target customers who are aware of the new product's existence. Awareness is variously defined, including recall of brand, recognition of brand, recall of key features or positioning
B	(início do glossário)
Backward Pass	The calculation of late finish dates an late start dates for the uncompleted portions of all network activities. Determined by working backwards through the network logic from the projects end date. The end date may be calculated in a forward pass or set by the customes or sponsor. See also network analysis
Balanced Score Card	A comprehensive performance measurement technique that considers four areas of performance in a balanced way: 1) customer perspective - how customers see us, 2) internal perspective - what we must excel at, 3) innovation & learning - how we continue to improve and create value, 4)financial perspective - how we meet shareholder needs / É um sistema de controle estratégico que tem como objetivo esclarecer e traduzir a visão da empresa, comunicar e alinhar os objetivos e fornecer feedback sobre a implementação da estratégia, sendo constituído por um conjunto balanceado de medidas de desempenho financeiras e não-financeiras, ligadas por relações de causa-e-efeito e organizadas em quatro perspectivas: financeira, cliente, processo interno de negócio e aprendizagem /crescimento.
Ball Grid Array (BGA)	Ball Grid Array - an electronic packaging technology in which solder balls are mounted to the underside of the package in a grid arrangement and are flowed for attachment to PCB's
Bar Chart	A graphic display of schedule-related information. In the tipycal bar chart, activities or other project elements are listed down the left side of the chart, dates are shown across the top, and activity durations are shown as date-placed horizontal bars. Also called a Gantt chart.
Baseline	The original approved plan (for a project, a work package, or an activity), plus or minus approved socope changes. Usually used with a modifier (e.g., cost baseline, schedule baseline, performance measurement baseline)
Baseline Finish Date	See sheduled finish date
Baseline Start Date	See Scheduled start date
Baton-Passing Process	See Relay Race Process. / Ver Relay Race Process
Benchmarking / Benchmarking	A process of studying successful competitors (or organizations in general) and selecting the best of their actions or standards. In the new product program it means finding the best development process methods and the best process times to market and setting out to achieve them. / Benchmarking é o processo contínuo de medição de produtos, serviços e práticas em relação aos mais fortes concorrentes, ou às empresas reconhecidas como líderes em suas indústrias
Benefit	A product attribute expressed in terms of what the user gets from the product rather than its physical characteristics or features. Benefits are often paired with specific features, but they need not be. They are perceived, not necessarily real.
Beta Test	An external test of pre-production products. The purpose is to test the product for all functions in a breadth of field situations to find those system faults that are more likely to show in actual use than in the firm's more controlled in-house tests before sale to the general market. See also alpha test.
Bezier curve	Polynomial used to describe complex curves and surfaces
Bill of Material (BOM) / Estrutura de Produto	Bill of Material - a list of sub-assemblies, components and/or raw materials that make up a higher-level component, assembly, product or system. An engineering BOM represents the assembly structure implied by the parts lists on drawings and drawing tree structure. A manufacturing BOM represents the assembly build-up the way a product is manufactured. / Lista de todas as submontagens, componentes intermediários, matérias-primas e itens comprados que são utilizados na fabricação e/ou montagem de um produto, mostrando as relações de precedência e quantidade de cada item necessário, também pode conter outro
Boothroyd Dewhurst, Inc (BDI)	Boothroyd Dewhurst, Inc. - vendors of DFMA software
Boundary Representation (B-Rep)	Boundary Representation - solids modeling approach based on representing exterior surfaces that define a solid (as opposed to constructive solid geometry).
Boundary Scan	A design for testability method that places a scan register at at every pin of every chip on a board for board testing and diagnostics. The test process can control and observe the state of every pin I/O pin without requiring physical access to any of them
Brainstorming	A group method of problem-solving used in product concept generation, there are many modifications in format of use, each variation with its own name.
Brand	A name, term, design, symbol, or any other feature that identifies one seller's good or service as distinct from those of other sellers. The legal term for brand is trademark. A brand may identify one item, a family of items, or all items of that seller.
Brand Development Index (BDI)	A measure of the relative strength of a brand's sales in a geographic area. Computationally BDI is the percent of total national brand sales which occur in an area divided by the percent of US households which reside in that area.
Breadboard	A proof-of-concept modeling technique that represents how a product will work, but not how a product will look.
Break Even After Release (BEAR)	Break Even After Release - a metric that measures the time after release of a product for production or sale until the the product has achieved financial breakeven considering the investment in development and other non-recurring expenses.
Breakeven Time (BET)	Breakeven Time - a product development metric
B-spline	A mathematical interpolation method for describing complex curves and surfaces
Budger Estimate	See estimate
Budget at Completion (BAC)	The sum of the total budgets for a project.
Budgeted Cost of Work Performed (BCWP)	This term has been replaced with the term Earned Value
Budgeted Cost of Work Scheduled (BCWS)	This term has been replaced with the term Planned value
Buffer	See Reserve
Built-in-Self-Test (BIST)	Built-in-Self-Test - a feature of automatic testing where many test pattern programs are built directly into the circuit generally for go/no-go testing of the assembly or circuit using signature analysis
Business Analysis	An analysis of the business situation surrounding a proposed project. Usually includes financial forecasts in terms of discounted cash flows, net present values or internal rates of returns
Business Case	The results of the business analysis, or up-front homework. Ideally defined just prior to the “go to development" decision (gate), the case defines the product and project, including the project justification and the action or business plan.
Business Management Team	Top functional managers and business unit head who work together throughout the design of the decision-flow component of a stage-gate process.
Business Modeling / Modelo de Negócios	Modelagem de Negócio é a área de estudos que desenvolve técnicas métodos e ferramentas para o desenvolvimento de representações de uma organização real, e servem como uma referência comum para todos os seus membros, sejam eles pessoas, sistemas ou recurso
Business Plan	o termo Business Plan ou simplesmente Plano de Negócios foi propositalmente evitado no modelo de referência. Considera-se que, na forma como apresentado na literatura, ele poderia ser empregado com diferentes níveis de detalhes em mais de um momento do modelo de referência. Os termos que correspondem a ele são Plano Estratégico Corporativo, Plano Estratégico da Unidade de Negócios e Plano Estratégico de Negócios
Business Process (BP) / Processo de Negócios	É um fenômeno que ocorre dentro das empresas. Compreende um conjunto de atividades repetitivas realizadas na empresa, associadas às informações que manipula, utilizando os recursos e a  organização da empresa. Forma uma unidade coesa e deve ser focalizado
Business Process Modeling / Modelo de Processo de Negócio	É uma representação do processo de negócio, contendo uma ou mais visões do processo. As visões mais usuais são as de atividades ou funções, informações ou dados, organização, recursos e a de processo propriamente dita, que procura colocar em uma mesma representação a interação entre atividades e informações. Em alguns formalismos de representação essa visão de processo contém ainda os eventos que ocorrem ao final da realização de uma atividade, os recursos utilizados para a sua realização e os seus responsáveis.
Business to Business (B2B)	Non-consumer purchasers such as manufacturers, resellers (distributors, wholesalers, jobbers and retailers, for example) institutional, professional and governmental organizations. Frequently referred to as "industrial" businesses in the past.
Buyer	The purchaser of a product, whether or not they will be the ultimate user. Especially in business-to-business markets, a purchasing agent may contract for the actual purchase of a good or service, yet never benefit from the function(s) purchased.
Buyer Concentration	The degree to which purchasing power is held by a relatively small percentage of the total number of buyers in the market
C	(início do glossário)
CAD Framework Initiative (CFI)	CAD Framework Initiative - a standard to facilitate integration of electronic design automation (EDA) tools This allows an organization to select "best of class" tools without worrying about integration issues. The CFI standards cover Design Representation Programming Interface, the Intertool Communication Programming Interface, the Tools Encapsulation Specification, the Computing Environment Services.
Calendar Unit	The smallest unit of time used in scheduling the project. Calendar unit are primarily in relation to project management software
Cannibalization	When the demand for a new product arises at least in part by eroding demand for (sales of) a current product the firm markets
Cannot Duplicate (failures) (CND)	Also known as "No Trouble Found" (NTF)
Capability Maturity Model	A model of five levels of process maturity developed by the Software Engineering Institute. These five levels starting at level one are: ad-hoc, repeatable, defined, managed and optimized.
Capability Maturity Model (CMM)	Capability Maturity Model - a model of five levels of process maturity developed by the Software Engineering Institute. These five levels starting at level one are: ad-hoc, repeatable, defined, managed and optimized.
Capacity Planning	A forward-looking activity which monitors the skill sets and effective resource capacity of the organization.
Cascading Style Sheets (CSS)	Folhas de estilo que podem ser aplicadas em conjuntos de páginas Web.
Case Based Reasoning (CBR) / Raciocínio Baseado em Casos (RBC)	é uma tecnologia derivada da pesquisa em IA que tem seu conhecimento representado como casos previamente usados para resolver problemas (Kolodner, 1993). Assim, os casos devem ser vistos como uma parte da memória, que é armazenada e pode ser usada em futuras consultas.
Category Development Index (CDI)	A measure of the relative strength of a category's sales in a geographic area. Computationally it is the percent of total national category sales which occur in an area divided by the percent of US households which live in that area.
Cave Automatic Virtual Environment (CAVE)	O ambiente CAVE, é baseado em um cômodo, onde as paredes, piso e teto são telas que recebem a projeção sincronizada das partes de um mundo virtual
Champion	A person who takes an inordinate interest in seeing that a particular process or product is fully developed and marketed. The role varies from situations calling for little more than stimulating awareness of the opportunity to extreme cases where the champion tries to force a project past the strongly entrenched internal resistance of company policy or that of objecting parties.
Change Control Board - Configuration Control Board (CCB)	A formaly constituted group of stakeholders responsible for approving or rejecting changes to the project baselines
Change Equilibrium	A balance of organizational forces that either drives or impedes change
Change Management	Gestão do processo de mudança empresarial que normalmente ocorre de forma contínua e deve acontecer de forma sistemática e estruturada.
Chart of Accounts	Any numbering system used to monitor project cost by category (e.g., labor, supplies, materials, and equpment). The project chart of accounts is usually based upon the corporate chart of accounts of primary performing organization.
Charter	See Project Charter
Checklist	A memory-jogger list of items used to remind an analyst to think of all relevant aspects. It finds frequent use as a tool of creativity in concept generation, as a factor consideration list in concept screening, and to ensure that all appropriate tasks have been completed in any stage of the product development process
Chip-on-Board (COB)	a component packaging technology in which bare integrated circuits are attached directly to the substrate and interconnected by means of microscopic wires
Chunks	The building blocks of product architecture. They are made up of inseparable physical elements. ther terms for chunks may be modules or major subassemblies
Classification	A systematic arrangement into groups or classes based on natural relationships.
Classification and Coding (CC)	Técnica para definir famílias de itens (peças, produtos, equipamentos etc.) facilitando a recuperação desses itens ou infos relacionadas. Codificação abrange a atribuição de um código para os itens com o intuito de identificá-lo e mesmo classificá-lo dent
Cloud of Points	A set of x-y-z coordinates obtained from a 3D scanner or digitizer. The data can be interpreted as a continuous surface and used in a 3D model. This ia often used for reverse engineering
Clusters	Agrupamento de empresas sob a forma de redes onde expõem suas competências essenciais e visam a exploração conjunta de novas oportunidades de negócio; compartilhando recursos, habilidades, nichos de mercado e custos, sem que haja um escritório central ou hierarquia.
Code of Accounts	Any numbering system used to uniquely identiy each element of the work breakdown struture. See also Chart of Accounts
Collaborative Engineering	É uma abordagem sistemática para controle/gerenciamento do custo do ciclo de vida, da qualidade do produto e do time to market durante o PDP, por meio do desenvolvimento simultâneo do produto e dos processos em resposta às expectativas do consumidor, em que a tomada de decisões asseguram/consideram as entradas e a avaliação de todas as disciplinas(áreas de conhecimento) do ciclo de vida, incluindo uma estreita participação dos fornecedores, e o uso da tecnologia de informação para dar suporte à troca de informações quando necessário.(WILLAERT et al., 1998). Representa uma evolução do conceito de Engenharia Simultânea para um relacionamento mais estreito na rede de clientes e fornecedores durante o PDP
Collaborative Product Commerce (CPC)	The Aberdeen Group defines it as “...a class of software and services that uses Internet technologies to permit individuals-no matter what role they have in the commercialization of a product, no matter what computer-based tools they use, no matter where they are located geographically or within the supply net-to collaboratively develop, build, and manage products throughout the entire lifecycle. Using a standard browser, an authorized CPC user can review information from an extended-enterprise information system ‘view’ that operates across a dispersed set of heterogeneous product development resources. These resources typically reside in multiple information repositories and are derived from independently implemented and maintained systems.” / É uma abordagem sis